元初东南文士的复古思想及其现实指向——以戴表元为中心

The Restoration Thought of Southeast Scholars in the Early Yuan Dynasty and Its Realistic Direction——Centered on Dai Biaoyuan

元初,以文章大家戴表元为首的东南文人群体,为力变宋季余习,扛起了"复古"大旗。宗唐并臻古音、古风,是其论诗的基本倾向。其所师法,不仅指向了先贤朴实浑厚之法度,亦且包含理到韵至之气骨,其所重者尤在于盛唐之道统、志节和潜养理念,表达了"去华务质"之审美意愿。东南文士之复古倾向肇端于坚守儒学正统、革除宋末文弊,以及自我疗救的易代心理。其现实指向为朱子道学、江西诗派和场屋程文,主张发扬"以文养德"之精神,肩负"去华务质"之使命,重塑"捐俗趋雅"之品格,以矫正宋末啴缓骫骳之文风。戴氏为元初东南文人群体的代表,风流所及,仇远、赵孟、刘辰翁一呼百应,刘埙、舒岳祥、方回等东南名士声气相应,终使以文养德、去华务质、捐俗趋雅的文艺观念深入东南人心,并使"复古"成为了有元一代的基本文学趣尚。

In the early Yuan Dynasty,in order to take up the customs of Song Dynasty,the literati group in the southeast leaded by Dai Biaoyuan,carried the banner of“reverence for the Tang Dynasty and the older times”in rhyme and style. The restoration not only points to the plain and profound rules of the sages,but also lies in the theory that runs through rhythm,which expresses the aesthetic will of orthodoxy,moral courage,self-cultivation and the thought of quality over rhetoric. The southeast literati group’s thoughts of restoration originated from the immersion of Neo-Confucianism,their elimination on the literature’s disadvantages of the late Song Dynasty,and their self-healing as adherent literati. The theory of“returning to the old”points to Zhu Xi’s Taoism,Jiangxi Poetry School and imperial examination of official documents, advocating the spirit of “cultivating morality with literature”,shouldering the mission of “going to serve quality”and reshaping the character of“avoiding vulgarity and seeking elegance”. The style of literature in the late Song Dynasty was thus corrected. Dai is the representative of southeast literati group in the early Yuan Dynasty. Chou Yuan,Zhao Mengfu,and Liu Chenweng responded to each other,while Liu Xun,Shu Yuexiang,Fang Hui,and other celebrities in the southeast finally made the literary concept of“cultivating morality with literature”and“serving quality”deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and“restoration”became the basic literary orientation of the Yuan Dynasty.