美国国家安全危机预警体制的结构设计及启示

On the Structural Design of an Early Warning System of the US National Security Crisis and Its Enlightenment

国家安全危机预警体制的结构设计是否合理,决定着国家安全危机预警能力的高低。美国在国家安全危机预警结构上设计了决策与协调机构、执行机构和监督反馈机构。这些机构功能制度化、跨部门整合化、调整动态化,在美国安全危机预警中发挥着重要的作用。囿于美国三权分立的政治特性,美国国家安全危机预警体制的结构也存在决策效能不足、机构间利益之争严重及监督机构的功能遭到弱化等弊端。借鉴美国国家安全危机预警体制结构设计的成败经验,中国应通过制定和完善相关法律实现各安全机构职能的规范化、制度化,加强中央国家安全委员会建设提升其决策效能,强化动态调整和跨部门协调提高国家安全机构的效率,健全监督反馈机制保障国家安全机构健康运行,以提升国家安全危机预警能力。

Whether the structural design of an early warning system of national security crisis is reasonable determines its capability in this regard.To raise crisis early warning capabilities,the United States has designed decision-making and coordination agencies,executive agencies,and supervisory feedback agencies in the national security crisis early warning structure.The institutionalization,efficient organization,and dynamic adjustment of these institutions play an important role in the early warning of US security crises.But at the same time,it should also be noted that due to the institutional characteristics of the separation of powers in the United States,such advantages as low efficacy in decision-making,serious contention for interests among institutions and weakened function of supervisory agencies also exist in that design.The success or failure of the structural design of the US security crisis early warning system has also inspired China.China should formulate and improve relevant laws to realize the standardization of security institutions function,strengthen the construction of the national security council,improve the decision-making efficiency,strengthen the dynamic adjustment and inter-departmental coordination,improve the efficiency of the national security agency,perfect supervision and feedback mechanism,guarantee the healthy operation,etc.,to improve national security crisis warning capabilities.