近代上海经营性私园的时空迁演研究(1882—1949年)

Research on Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Profit-Oriented Private Gardens in Modern Shanghai(1882–1949)

经营性私园是清末至民国时期在上海出现的一类特殊的私家园林,由私人集资开设,依靠门票和园内各项服务性收费自负盈亏。通过文献查阅和案例分析,考查1882—1949年近代上海经营性私园的时空分布、规模和经营内容,梳理经营性私园在沪发展60余年的历史,探讨其与近代上海商业化、城市化及娱乐休闲需求的关联。经营性私园的属性从文人园转变为城市娱乐休闲场所,在园林造景和经营内容上求新、猎奇,反映出这类园林日益显著的营利性质,在追求商业利益最大化的同时,也成为吸引人流、拉动城市基建、加速经济繁荣的推手。经营性私园从城市中心逐步外迁至远郊的发展轨迹,迎合了近代上海地产开发热潮不断外延的趋势,也反映出地价波动对于城市行业变更的作用,侧面佐证了无规划城市空间自发演替的发展规律。

Profit-oriented private gardens were a special type of private gardens that existed in Shanghai during the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China period.They were privately funded by individuals and self-financed with admission tickets and various service charges in the parks.This research examines the spatial and temporal distributions,scales,and contents of the profit-oriented private gardens in modern Shanghai during the period from 1882 to 1949.Through literature review and case studies,it compares the history of profit-oriented private gardens in Shanghai over the 60 years and explores their associations with commercialization,urbanization,and entertainment demands in modern Shanghai.The attributes of the profit-oriented private gardens were shifted from literati gardens to urban entertainment and leisure venues,seeking novelty and curiosity in the landscape construction and business contents,reflecting the increasingly prominent profitability of these gardens.While pursuing maximized commercial interests,they also became a driving force in attracting the crowd,driving urban infrastructure,and accelerating economic prosperity.The development track of profit-oriented private gardens gradually moving from the urban center to the outer suburbs catered to the continuous extension trend of real estate development boom in modern Shanghai.It also reflected the role of land price fluctuation in the change of urban industries,and corroborated the development law of spontaneous succession of urban space without planning.