促进当事人的改变:基于治疗性最近发展区的视角

Facilitating the client change:A perspective from the therapeutic zone of proximal development

作为心理治疗的有效区域,治疗性最近发展区是指当事人当前适应问题经验的能力和通过治疗师的协助能够达成的潜在能力之间的距离。早期的同化模型理论更注重对心理治疗改变过程的描述,治疗性最近发展区理论则能够进一步解释治疗师在不同阶段的帮助策略。在研究上,治疗性最近发展区理论建立在非传统的方法论基础上,通过不断累积个案的质性研究,帮助治疗师理解和解释不同咨询效果的互动过程,并使理论得到持续发展;在临床上,治疗性最近发展区为理解心理治疗过程中倒退现象提供了新视角,并能够有效指导在治疗过程中采取挑战性还是支持性策略。未来研究可从临床上探索经验丰富的治疗师的实践智慧,也可选取较大跨度的治疗对话序列,对不同流派的特点,从不同参与者的视角出发进行研究,进而深化对心理治疗过程机制的理解。

Therapeutic zone of proximal development(TZPD)is an extension of Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development in the field of psychotherapy.As the effective area of psychotherapy,TZPD represents the space between the actual development level and the potential development level of clients within a developmental sequence.The early assimilation model paid more attention to the description of the change process of psychotherapy,and the recent TZPD theory can further explain the help strategy of the therapist at different stages.In terms of research,TZPD theory is based on an unconventional methodology.TZPD theory is built upon accumulating observations in qualitative case studies in which TZPD help the therapist understand and interpret the psychotherapy process.In clinical practice,TZPD provides a new perspective for understanding the setback phenomenon in the psychotherapy process.It can effectively guide whether to adopt a challenge or a supportive strategy in clinical settings.The future of TZPD hinges on further exploration of the clinical wisdom of experienced therapists as well as theoretical exploration from different approaches and perspectives,which might ultimately lead to a better understanding of the dynamics of psychotherapy process.