明清至民国时期五台山十方禅院的理念及其实践--从碧山寺出发的历史人类学考察

The Idea and Practice of Shifang Buddhist Monastery in Mount Wutai from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Republic of China

对碧山寺和其它庙宇的考察表明,明清至民国时期,五台山十方禅院存在四种发育演变模式:第一种固守在十方禅院性质上,未作历史的改变;第二种从十方禅院演变成十方禅院与子孙庙兼备的修行之处;第三种从十方禅院演变成十方禅院与子孙庙兼备的修行之处后又退回到十方禅院;第四种从十方禅院变成了子孙庙。造成五台山十方禅院多样态实践的原因,除了人的自然性、道德性、认知图式、社会的集体意识和宗教固有发展模式等原因外,还与明清国家的政策、皇族的宗教偏好等特定历史情境有关。尽管子孙庙与十方禅院存在制度和组织设计上的不同,但二者在结构和功能上又存在很强的互补性。明清至民国时期五台山佛教的经验对中国当下宗教实践具有重要的历史借鉴意义。

The investigation of Bishan temple and other temples shows that from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Republic of China,there are four development modes of Shifang Buddhist Monastery in Mount Wutai.The first kind sticks to the nature of the Shifang Buddhist Monastery and has not changed in history.The second is the evolution from the Shifang Buddhist Monastery to“Shifang Buddhist Monastery+descendants’temples”.The third is the evolution from the Shifang Buddhist Monastery into“Shifang Buddhist Monastery+descendants’temples”,and then back to the Shifang Buddhist Monastery.The fourth is the transformation from the Shifang Buddhist Monastery to the descendants’temples.In addition to human selfishness,morality,cognitive schema,social collective consciousness and the inherent development mode of religion,the reasons for the diversified practices of Shifang Buddhist Monastery in Mount Wutai are also related to the policy of the empire,the religious preferences of the royal families and other specific historical circumstances.Although there are differences in the system and organization design between descendants’temple and the Shifang Buddhist Monastery,there is a strong complimentarity in the structure and function.The buddhist experience of Mount Wutai from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Republic of China is of great historical significance for current China’s religious practice.