欧盟贸易壁垒调查立法流变及启示

Evolution of Trade Barrier Legislation in EU and Its Enlightenment

2020年7月欧盟首次任命首席贸易执法官负责监督欧盟贸易政策的执行。欧盟首席贸易执法官的职责之一是管理根据《贸易壁垒条例》(TBR)发起的调查。实际上,欧盟贸易壁垒调查立法包括两个层面,一为欧盟基本法层面的相关立法(以下简称"欧盟条约"第113/133/207条),二为欧盟二级立法层面的TBR。一方面,随着"欧盟条约"第113/133条演变为《里斯本条约》第207条,欧盟实施共同商业政策的范围扩大了,相应地,欧盟委员会进行贸易壁垒调查的范围也扩大了。另一方面,TBR规定了专门的贸易壁垒调查程序,为欧盟企业直接向欧盟委员会提出针对欧盟外第三国贸易壁垒的调查申请提供了便利。欧盟两类贸易壁垒调查立法对欧盟企业的影响表明,依据"欧盟条约"或TBR申请贸易壁垒调查各有利弊。中国在"一带一路"倡议的创新性建设过程中,应当从欧盟贸易壁垒调查立法中取长补短,完善中国对外贸易壁垒调查的信息披露,建立便利的内部网络联系机制,制定让申请人有确信时间依赖的更为规范的行政立法,从法治层面切实保护中国企业的海外利益,为"一带一路"建设营造可预见的法律环境。

In July 2020,EU appointed its first Chief Trade Enforcement Officer(CTEO)to supervise the enforcement of EU trade policy.One of the functions of the CTEO is to manage investigation based on Trade Barrier Regulation(TBR).There are two approaches to legislations concerning the trade barrier investigation in EU.One is article 113/133 of Treaty of EU as primary legislation,while the other is TBR as secondary legislation.On the one hand,since article 113/133 of Treaty of EU has been evolved into article 207 of Treaty of Lisbon,which extends the scope of EU common commercial policy,accordingly,extends the scope of trade barrier investigation.On the other hand,the TBR has set strict procedure to investigate trade barriers,which facilitates EU enterprises to apply for investigation to barriers set by third countries outside EU.The impact on EU enterprises by the two level legislations concerning trade barrier investigation in EU shows that the two approaches have advantages and disadvantages respectively.While China tries hard to find ways to the creative construction of the One Belt One Road,China should learn from EU’s strong points and at the same time close its loophole,developing transparency in trade barrier investigation,establishing online service for potential applicants and working out more normative and reliable regulations to protect the oversea rights of Chinese enterprises and providing a foreseeable legal environment for them.