反西方主义:俄罗斯对西方“恐俄症”的历史回应

Anti-Westernism:Russia's Historical Response to Western“Russophobia”

俄罗斯思想中的反西方主义,其对立面是俄罗斯思想中的西方主义。它缘起于19世纪30-40年代的西方派与斯拉夫派之争,主要代表是与西方派激烈辩论的斯拉夫派。反西方主义最初反对的是西方派崇尚的欧洲中心论、欧洲文明一流论、欧洲道路先进论,简言之,就是反对欧化改革、反对抛弃传统文化、反对迷恋欧洲文明。然而随着历史的发展和地缘政治格局的变化,俄罗斯民族和国家认同中的“西方”概念发生了变化,范围扩大到包括欧洲和美国在内的整个西方世界。反西方主义的内容也随之延展,从最初的"反欧洲"逐渐演变到了后来的“反欧美”,并且由思想文化领域转移到了地缘政治领域,从反欧化改革、反欧洲道路变成了反政治干涉、反经济制裁、反军事扩张、反意识形态斗争,从一种纯粹的思想争论演变成了付诸行动的政治博弈。

The opposite of anti-westernism in Russian thought is Westernism, which originated from the Westerner-Slavophil Controversy in the 1830s-1840s. The main representative of anti-westernism is the Russian Slavism. Anti-Westernism initially opposed the Eurocentrism and the European Progressivism advocated by the Westerners,the Europeanization reform and the abandonment of Russian traditional culture. With the development of history and the change of geopolitical pattern,the concept of “West”in Russian national identity has changed,and its scope has expanded to the whole western world including Europe and the United States. The content of anti-westernism has also been extended, from the initial “anti-europe” to the later “anti-europe and America”;from the ideological and cultural field to the geopolitical field;from anti-europeanization reform and anti-europe road to anti-political interference, anti-economic sanctions, anti-military expansion and anti-ideological struggle;from a pure ideological debate to an actual political game.