非正式政治力量:吉尔吉斯斯坦“革命”反对派的动员基础

Informal Political Forces:Mobilization Basis of “Revolutionary” Opposition in Kyrgyzstan

吉尔吉斯斯坦自独立以来已发生了三次“革命”,广义来讲,这三次“革命”均属于“颜色革命”的范畴。但吉尔吉斯斯坦反对派在进行政治动员时,往往尚不具备其他“颜色革命”反对派发起政治动员的一系列“常见”条件(如发达的社交网络、强有力的政党、较高水平的青年组织等)。而在相关条件并不充分的情况下,反对派依托何种力量实现高效的政治动员成为一个值得研究的重要问题。为解答这一问题,吉尔吉斯斯坦反对派所掌握的三种非正式政治力量--个人政治关系网络、部族认同与部族群体、传统政治习俗成为本篇文章重点考察的因素。在三次“革命”中,这三类非正式政治力量帮助反对派实现了募集资金、召集支持者、获取舆论支持、削弱政府合法性、策反政府高层官员等一系列政治目标,成为反对派进行政治动员的主要依托。运用非正式政治力量,吉尔吉斯斯坦反对派得以在其他相关条件尚不充分的情况下,于短时间内实现有效的政治动员,并最终达到了推翻现存政权的目的。

Three “revolutions ” have taken place in Kyrgyzstan since its independence.Broadly speaking,these three revolutions belong to the category of “color revolution”.However,when the opposition in Kyrgyzstan conducts political mobilization, it often doesn’t have a series of “common”conditions for other “color revolution”countries to launch political mobilization( such as developed social networks, powerful political parties,high-level youth organizations,etc.). However,when the relevant conditions are not sufficient, the Kyrgyz opposition mainly uses three informal political forces:personal political network, tribal identity and tribal groups, and traditional political customs. In the three “revolutions”,these three types of informal political forces helped the opposition to achieve a series of political goals,such as raising funds,gathering supporters,gaining public support,weakening the legitimacy of the government and instigating high-level government officials, and became the main support for the opposition to mobilize politically. With the help of informal political forces,Kyrgyzstan’s opposition was able to achieve effective political mobilization in a short period of time when other related conditions were not sufficient,and finally achieved the purpose of overthrowing the current regime.