Subcostal artery bleeding after endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery: Signs and treatment

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is the first option in renal stones>2 cm.One of the most serious complications of this procedure is postoperative bleeding[1].Various risk factors(multiple punctures,position,access size,stone volume,operative time,and non-papillary puncture)were considered in the literature with no clear conclusions[[1],[2]].