盛唐“兴寄”“兴象”范畴中的诗歌体制实践和诗歌功能观念

The Practice of Poetic System and the Concept of Poetic Function in the Categories of“Inner Sustenance”and“Aesthetic Imagery”in the Heyday of the Tang Dynasty

“兴寄”“兴象”范畴在初盛唐革新齐梁诗风的诗史背景下产生、发展,体现出盛唐诗人对诗歌体制的实践以及对诗歌功能的具体认识。从体制上看,“兴寄”说呼应的是发扬汉魏比兴艺术的唐人古体创作。“兴象”之确立则受到近体诗演进过程的实际推助,与盛唐律诗创作存在紧密联系。从时人对诗歌功能的认识来看,“兴寄”说强调诗歌抒情言志,针对的是南朝后期诗歌逐渐演变为娱乐性的工具的弊端;“兴象”突出的是诗歌审美功能,盛唐人延续了南朝诗歌重视艺术美的传统,并结合晋宋以来的山水审美意识加以改造,以当时士人清新壮大的审美理想革清了六朝余弊中的低级趣味。盛唐“兴寄”“兴象”范畴相互补充,体现出初盛唐以来诗歌发展的时代要求,在唐诗史上有其独特价值。

The categories of“inner sustenance”(兴寄)and“aesthetic imagery”(兴象)came into being and developed under the background of the poetic history in which the poetic style of the Qi(齐)State and the Liang(梁)State in the Southern Dynasties(南朝)was reformed in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty.The two categories embodied the specific understanding of the poets in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty concerning the practice of poetic system and the concept of poetic function.So far as the poetic system is concerned,the concept of“inner sustenance”responded to the Tang poets’classic-style writings by carrying on the art of metaphor and analogy(比兴)inherited from the Han Dynasty and the Wei State(汉魏).The establishment of the concept of“aesthetic imagery”was actually promoted by the evolutionary process of regulated poems,and was closely associated with the writing of regulated poems in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty.Judged from the Tang poets’understanding of poetic function,the concept of“aesthetic imagery”highlighted the function of expressing one’s wills and conveying one’s emotions,in opposition to the malpractice of gradually turning poems into tools for entertaining in the late Southern Dynasties.What the concept of“aesthetic imagery”stressed was the aesthetic function of poems.The Tang poets carried forward the tradition of attaching importance to artistic beauty in poetry from the Southern Dynasties,and reformed the tradition in combination with the aesthetic consciousness of landscape art since the Jin Dynasty(晋)and the Song Period(宋),thus getting rid of the low taste in the leftover defects of the Six Dynasties(六朝)by the fresh and growing aesthetic ideal of the Tang elite.The mutual complementation of the categories of“inner sustenance”and“aesthetic imagery”in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty,reflected the epochal requirements for the development of poetry in the early Tang Dynasty,and had its unique value in the history of Tang poetry.