疑问强度与主观化强度:上古汉语语气词“乎”的功能变化

Intensity of Interrogation and Extent of Subjectification:Functional Change of Modal Particle Hu(乎)in Classic Chinese

“乎”在上古汉语里的基本功能是表疑问语气,但也可以表测度、反问、祈使、感叹语气,这是“乎”功能扩展的结果。“乎”表五种不同语气,所处语篇有别,疑问强度递减,而主观性逐渐加强,即“乎”表不同语气,其疑问度与主观性成反比。用于是非问,疑问度最高,主观性最弱;用于感叹,完全无疑无问,主观性最强。认知语言学认为,疑问与感叹之间是可以转化的。

The basic function of hu(乎)in classic Chinese is to express interrogation.As a result of functional extension,hu can also be used to express estimation,rhetorical questions,imperative mood and exclamation.Hu expresses five different modalities,which differ in terms of context,in which the intensity of interrogation decreases while the intensity of subjectification increases.In other words,the intensity of interrogation and subjectivity conveyed by hu are inversely proportional.When used in yes-no question sentences,the intensity of interrogation expressed by hu is the highest,while the intensity of subjectivity is.the lowest.When used in exclamatory sentences,hu does not express interrogation at all,but the intensity of subjectivity is the highest.In cognitive linguistics,interrogation and exclamation are transformable.