摘要
目的】连作障碍引起的土壤质量劣变是制约种植业可持续发展的瓶颈问题之一。已有研究表明蚯蚓腐熟粪肥能有效提升连作障碍土壤质量。本研究比较了蚯蚓原位腐熟粪肥和使用异地腐熟粪肥对提高土壤理化和生物学性状的效果,以提出高效可行的蚯蚓堆肥施用模式。【方法】田间试验在宁夏连续种植5年番茄的温室内进行,供试番茄品种为‘粉宴1号’。试验以施用尿素0.69 t/hm^(2)为对照(CK),设置了蚯蚓粪肥异位堆肥(将蚯蚓消解腐熟的牛粪有机肥130.4 t/hm^(2)均匀铺在垄上,T1)和原位堆肥(将牛粪179.4 t/hm^(2)和蚯蚓1.76 t/hm^(2)均匀铺在垄上,T2)处理,共3个等氮处理。异位堆肥处理为每季施用蚯蚓腐熟的粪肥;原位堆肥处理为只在试验开始时引入蚯蚓,之后只施加牛粪。在连续种植3年后,在番茄盛果期测定土壤理化性质、微生物多样性和代谢功能。【结果】1)两个蚯蚓粪处理(T1和T2)的土壤pH和电导率(EC)值均显著低于CK;T2处理的土壤pH和EC值在前两茬显著低于T1,而在第三茬与T1差异不显著;在连续3个茬口,土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、总碳、有效氮和速效钾含量均呈T2>T1>CK的趋势(P<0.05)。2)从土壤微生物多样性指数(OTUs数量、Chao1指数和Shannon指数)看,T1处理在第一茬与CK没有显著差异,从第二茬起显著高于CK,而T2处理从第一茬起即显著高于CK,且在第三茬显著高于T1 (P<0.05);3个处理的Simpson指数无显著性差异。3)相较于CK,T1和T2处理的变形菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门、芽单胞菌门和硝化螺旋菌门均显著增加,而酸杆菌门和拟杆菌门显著降低;相较于CK和T1处理,T2处理显著增加了绿弯菌门、芽单胞菌门的相对丰度。4)土壤中全碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效氮、速效钾含量与微生物多样性指数和优势度指数之间存在显著正相关关系。【结论】相较于蚯蚓异位堆肥,蚯蚓原位堆肥在提高土壤肥力和增加土壤微生物多样性方面更有效。此外,蚯蚓原位堆肥处理增加了绿弯菌门、芽单胞菌门的相对丰度,降低了与连作障碍相关酸杆菌门和拟杆菌门的数量,因而缓解连作障碍的效果更佳。因此,在实际生产中,推荐使用蚯蚓原位堆肥方法。
【Objectives】Continuous cropping obstacle-induced soil quality degradation inhibits the sustainable development of crop production.Vermicompost application has been proved to be an effective way to improve the quality of soils with continuous cropping obstacle.This research compared the efficiencies of in-situ and ex-situ vermicomposting in overcoming the obstacles in tomato production,in order to optimize its efficacy for sustainable crop production.【Methods】A field experiment was conducted for three years in a greenhouse where tomato had been continuously grown for 5 years.Urea application at 0.69 t/hm^(2) was used as the control(CK),while vermicompost application at 130.4 t/hm^(2) (T1) and in-situ vermicomposting comprising of 179.4 t/hm^(2)cow dung plus 1.76 t/hm^(2) earthworm (T2) were setup as treatments.At the beginning of each cropping season(CS),the urea and vermicompost were applied,but earthworm was only used at the first CS.Soils were sampled at harvest period to measure physiochemical properties,microbial diversity and metabolic functions.【Results】1)Both vermicomposting treatments (T1 and T2) showed significantly lower soil pH and EC as compared to CK.The T2 treatment had significantly lower soil EC in the first two CSs and did not show significant difference in the third CS as compared to the T1 treamtment.In all three CSs,soil total N,P,K and C,and available N and K exhibited a trend of T2>T1>CK (P<0.05).2) With respect to soil microbial diversity indices (i.e.OTU number,Chao 1 index and Shannon index),they were not significantly different between the T1 treatment and CK in the first CS,but were significantly higher in the T1 treatment than in CK in the second and third CSs,while they were higher in the T2 treatment than in CK in the first CS,and were significantly increased in T2 treatment as compared to T1 in the third CS (P<0.05).The Simpson index showed no significant difference among three treatments.3) Compared with CK,both T1 and T2 treatments significantly increased the relative abundances of Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Firmicute,Chloroflexi,Gemmatimonadetes,Nitrospirae,but decreased the abundance of Acidobacteria and Bacteroides.4) Soil total C,N,P and K,and available N and K had significant positive correlations with microbial diversity indices and Simpson index.【Conclusions】In-situ vermicomposting is more efficient than ex-situ vermicomposting in enhancing soil fertility and increasing soil microbial diversity.In addition,in-situ vermicomposting increases the abundances of Chloroflexi,and Gemmatimonadetes,and decreases the abundance of Acidobacteria and Bacteroides which are associated with continuous cropping obstacle,thereby contributing to alleviate continuous cropping obstacle.Therefore,it is recommended to use earthworm in-situ vermicomposting in tomato production.
作者
曹云娥
尹翠
吴泽帅
张美君
李建设
田永强
CAO Yun-e;YIN Cui;WU Ze-shuai;ZHANG Mei-jun;LI Jian-she;TIAN Yong-qiang(School of Agriculture,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China;Ningxia Shared Manpower Group Co.,LTD.,Yinchuan 750021,China;College of Horticulture,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China)
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第2期247-259,共13页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
国家自然科学基金(31760569)
“十三五”国家重点研发计划课题(2019YFD1001904)。
关键词
番茄
连作障碍
蚯蚓堆肥
土壤质量
微生物多样性
代谢功能
tomato
continuous cropping obstacle
vermicompost
soil quality
microbial diversity
metabolic functions