中国文学观念的兼性特征

Aesthetic Study of Inclusiveness Features of Chinese Literary Concepts in a Global Context

研究中国文学,首先要追问的是何为“中国文学”?或者换一种提问方式:“世界文学”语境下“中国文学”及其“观念”的根本特征是什么?学界关于中国文学观念的争论,长期滞留于“纯文学”还是“杂文学”、文学史上何时或有无“文学自觉”或“文学独立”等老问题。时至今日,老问题尚未解决,一系列新问题,包括如何看待方兴未艾的网络文学和非虚构文学、如何应对文化研究对文学的“浸入”、如何甄别文学关键词之中大量的“文化与社会的词汇”等等,则已然出现。刘勰讲“关键将塞,则神有遁心”,故只有找到中国文学观念自身的关键性特征,才能真实而深刻地把握中国文学的神理与诗心。事物的起源决定事物的性质,中国文学滥觞期的《诗经》和“诗言志”,以诗学与经学的兼合在源头上铸成中国文学观念的兼性特征。“兼”者,通也;“兼性”者,兼通、兼融、兼包、兼怀、兼成、兼和是也。中国文学观念的兼性特征,表现于价值论是仲尼式“吾道一以贯之”,表现于方法论是彦和式“唯务折衷”,表现于文体论则是四库全书式“兼收并蓄,如渤澥之纳众流”。由价值论的“天行一道”,生成为方法论的“兼和两端”,坐实为文体论的“体备四部”,中国文学观念完成了自身的兼性建构,在世界文学中形成了自己所特有的兼性特征,熔铸成中国文学的“中国性”。

In the study of Chinese literature,the first question is what is“Chinese Literature”?Or in another way:what are the fundamental characteristics of“Chinese Literature”and its“concept”in the context of“world literature”?The academic debate on the concept of Chinese literature has long been stuck in such old issues as pure literature or mixed literature,literary consciousness or literary independence in the history of literature.Up to now,the old problems have not been solved,but new problems have emerged:how to treat the burgeoning network literature and non fictional literature,how to deal with the“immersion”of literature by cultural studies,and how to identify a large number of“cultural and social words”in literary keywords.Liu Xie said that“if the key is to be blocked,the spirit will have the mind to escape”.Therefore,only by finding the key characteristics of Chinese literary concepts,can we truly and profoundly grasp the spirit and poetic mind of Chinese literature.The origin of things determines the nature of things.The book of songs and“poetry expressing ambition”in the early period of Chinese literature created the compatibility characteristics of Chinese literary ideas by the combination of poetics and Confucian classics.The“jian”(兼)is“tong”(通);the“compatibility”is also flexibility,integration,inclusion,consideration,integration and harmony.The compatibility features of Chinese literary ideas are embodied in the axiology of Confucius’“my way is consistent”,in the methodology of Liuxie’s“only compromise”,and in the stylistics of Si ku Quan shu’s“all embracing,such as the Bohai Sea’s containing numerous rivers”.From the theory of value that“heaven always carries out Tao”to the theory of methodology that“both ends are in harmony”and from the theory of style that“four parts of style”,the concept of Chinese literature has completed its own compatibility construction,formed its own unique compatibility characteristics in the world literature,and melted into the“Chinese character”of Chinese literature.