碳税政策下随机双渠道库存与协调研究

Inventory Decisions and Coordination Mechanism for Dual-Channel Supply Chain under Carbon Tax Policy

构建碳税政策下由单个制造商和单个零售商组成的双渠道供应链模型,在考虑渠道之间缺货转换的基础上,研究批发价格合约和双向收入共享契约下渠道间双渠道库存竞争问题,并设计了由双向收入共享合约和转移支付机制组成的组合合约机制使制造商和零售商实现共赢,以此保证合约的有效执行。研究表明:批发价合约和双向收入共享合约下,制造商分别通过调控批发价格和收入分享比例来调控双渠道的库存水平,其中网络渠道最优库存水平随着零售渠道单位碳排放量增加而增加,零售商的库存水平随着其单位碳排放量增加而减少。进一步分析了渠道间单位产品碳排放差异对批发价格,以及传统零售渠道和网络渠道库存水平的影响如何受到缺货转换率和碳税税率的调节。

With the rapid development of e-commerce and information technology, more and more manufacturers sell products directly to consumers through online channels as well as through traditional channels. However, competition between channels could be caused by the introduction of manufacturers’ online channels, especially when a manufacturer sells the same product in both channels. When the same product is sold in different channels, there will be product substitution issue, and when one channel is out of stock, the substitution is more significant. In other words, when one of the channels is out of stock, some consumers of that channel will switch to another channel to buy products. Meanwhile, in recent years, the global warming caused by the greenhouse effect has received increasing attention from the government, the public and scholars. Governments all over the world have formulated and implemented relevant low-carbon policies to curb emissions, among which carbon tax policies are one of the effective mechanisms. As more and more countries and regions have been implemented carbon tax policies, companies have to consider the impact of carbon tax policies when making operational decisions. Due to the differences in carbon emissions in the dual-channel supply chain, companies in the dual-channel supply chain need to consider the impact of carbon taxes. Based on those, a dual-channel supply chain model consisting of a single manufacturer and a single retailer is established under a carbon tax policy. On the basis of considering the stock-out conversion between channels, the issue of dual-channel inventory competition between channels under wholesale price contracts and two-way revenue sharing contracts is studied, and a combined contract mechanism consisting of two-way revenue sharing contracts is designed and payment mechanisms are transfered to achieve a win-win situation for manufacturers and retailers and ensure the effective execution of the contract. It is found that under the wholesale price contract and the two-way revenue sharing contract, as the carbon emission difference between the traditional retail channel and the online channel increases, the manufacturer should adjust the wholesale price and the ratio of revenue sharing to control the inventory levels at the dual channels. The optimal base-stock level at the online channel increases in the unit-product carbon emissions at the retail channel. The optimal base-stock level decreases in its own unit carbon emissions. Further analysis shows that the effect of the differences in carbon emissions between dual channels on the optimal wholesale price and the optimal base-stock levels at both channels also depends on out-of-stock conversion rate and carbon tax rate.