产能不确定供应商的风险厌恶行为对供应链的影响

The Impact of Risk Aversion of An Unreliable Supplier on Supply Chain Performance

针对具有产能不确定性的风险厌恶供应商和风险中性零售商组成的供应链系统,本文采用经典的风险指标Value-at-risk(VaR)衡量供应商的风险厌恶程度,并将其作为供应商的优化约束条件之一。在斯坦伯格顺序博弈的模型框架下,零售商做定价和订货量决策,供应商做批发价决策。本文求得供应商批发价在VaR约束下的理论上下界,研究了风险厌恶程度对最优批发价的影响。与风险中性环境下的结果相比,在设立合理目标利润的前提下,高风险厌恶程度可能使得供应商提高批发价,低风险厌恶程度则对供应商批发价无影响。当目标利润设立很高时,供应商为了逐利将会降低批发价诱导零售商提高订货量。

Supply and demand are the two sides of the supply chain and are the main sources of supply uncertainty. How to manage demand uncertainty in the supply chain optimization decision-making process has been widely concerned.However, there are relatively few studies focusing on supply(capacity) uncertainty of supply-side. Our paper is based on two points. On the one hand, capacity uncertainty is quite prevalent for agricultural products, the supply of fresh produce, and assembly systems for large equipment such as airplanes or ships. For example, the production capacity of crops is mainly depending on the difference in temperature and seed quality in the current season. The production capacity of seafood products depends on the timing of fishing vessels choosing the sea and the selected salvage area. In the large-scale assembly system, the original parts and raw material suppliers in the upstream of the supply chain are at risk in terms of on-time delivery and batch quality, resulting in great uncertainty in the assembly system capacity. On the other hand, suppliers with capacity uncertainty are often risk averse. Uncertain production capacity will not only affect the decision-making process and performance of downstream retailers, but also indirectly affect the suppliers themselves through the order quantity of retailers. Therefore, how to manage the risk-averse supplier’s optimal decisions with capacity uncertainty is of great significance. In view of the above problems, a supply chain system consisting of a risk-averse supplier with random capacity and a risk-neutral retailer is focused on. By using the classical Value-at-Risk(VaR) approach as a constraint of the supplier’s optimization problem, the supplier’s wholesale pricing, the retailer’s selling pricing and ordering quantity decisions are studied in a Stackelberg game. The upper and lower-bounds of wholesale price are obtained, on the basis of this, the optimal wholesale price under random capacity and VaR constraint is analyzed. Additionally, the risk-averse results with the results are compared under risk-neutral. In the case of sufficient low(reasonable) profit goal, high risk-averse may increase the wholesale price, low risk-averse does not affect the wholesale price. In the case of very high profit goal, the risk-averse supplier will lower his wholesale price to induce a higher order quantity from the retailer.