从“尚阀阅”到“贵人物”——唐宋官宦世家婚姻价值取向的比较

From“Advocating the Powerful Stratum”to“Attaching Importance to the Personal Accomplishment”:A Comparison of the Value Orientation of Marriage in the Officials of the Tang and Song Dynasties

唐宋时期,官宦世家缔结婚姻的价值取向,发生了比较明显的时代转变。唐代官宦世家婚姻的主流价值取向是崇尚阀阅,表现为旧门间互通婚姻、新贵攀附旧门以及新贵间互通婚姻。宋代官宦世家则崇尚人物,表现为对婚配对象的才能、修养、资财和家世的重视。这种转变是与唐宋时期社会结构的变迁相一致的,其核心取向仍然是人们的社会地位。

During the Tang and Song dynasties,the value orientation of the marriage of the bureaucratic families changed obviously.In the Tang dynasty,the mainstream value orientation of the aristocratic families marriage was advocating the powerful stratum,which was manifested by the inter-marriage between the previous influential families,and the inter-marriage between the old and new nobles.In the Song dynasty,the bureaucratic families advocated personages,which showed that they attached great importance to the talent,cultivation,wealth and family background of the marriage objects.This change was consistent with the changes of social structure in the Tang and Song dynasties.An important manifestation of the transition of social structure in the Tang and Song dynasties was that the rise and fall of various privileges among different social groups,which changed the group composition of the bureaucratic class,and the status of relevant social groups also increased and decreased.The old gentry of the Tang dynasty had obtained a lot of political,economic and cultural privileges in the previous dynasty.After entering into the Tang Dynasty,the political privileges were shrinking day by day and gradually lost their attraction to the emerging bureaucratic clans.In the late Tang dynasty,it was difficult for them to become the adoring objects of their marriage negotiation.The newly-rich clans continued to obtain political and economic privileges,and gradually formed a favorable political ecology and social environment for this group through governance behavior,so as to become the core group in the upper society.This marked parvenu became the object of people’s worship,thus gradually eliminated the concept of the family of power and influence in the traditional marriage value orientation.The increased social mobility of the Song dynasty provided more opportunities for the individuals to demonstrate their abilities.The imperial examination system provided opportunities for upward mobility for the literati based on their knowledge of scripture and literary talents,and the military recruitment system also provided opportunities for upward mobility for more people based on military merit.Especially with the increase of the number of imperial examination scholars,the social rights and interests obtained by the imperial examination literati elites were expanding,the group consciousness of the literati was strengthening,and the marriage choice paid more attention to whether it was conducive to their clan construction.In the group of bureaucratic families,although there were some descendants of the gentry in the Tang dynasty who prospered in the new dynasty through the revival after the decline of the clan,more emerging clans could be official for generations because they meet the needs of the society,and their social status can be maintained for a relatively long time.Relatively speaking,the aristocratic families in the Song dynasty were more vulnerable to the impact of social mobility,so they paid more and more attention to their personal talent when discussing marriage,and actively used their existing forces to constantly marry people with political prospects.Although the transition of the bureaucratic family groups in the Tang and Song dynasties caused their mainstream marriage value orientations to show obvious differences,the core orientation was still people’s political,economic and cultural forces,which was people’s social status.