宋元明时期江州周氏宗族的迁徙及相关问题考述——以族谱记载的周敦颐后人为中心

Migration of Zhou Clan in Jiangzhou and Related Issues during the Song,Yuan and Ming Dynasties:Take the Genealogical Records of Zhou Dunyi’s Descendants as the Center

江州周氏宗族是指宋儒周敦颐定居江州之后的族人,他们在南宋至元明时期数百年间多次迁徙。两宋之交的战乱对其打击巨大,周子长子周寿一系遭受重创,六子中五子不见有子嗣,第五子季仲之子周兴裔(周子四世孙)或背井离乡,约在南宋中期卒葬苏州(时称平江府)常熟县;兴裔长子周昺续任常熟县尉,遂家于此,兴裔后被尊为苏州周子后裔的始祖。留居江州的周子次子周焘一系在南宋晚期再有迁徙,其中周子五世孙周洵携全家返回道州;续居江州的周子后裔则在元朝末年受到兵乱冲击而散走他方,其中周子九世孙周铅得避居江州瑞昌县。至明代中期,道州的周洵后人周伦(周子十三世孙)又迁回江州(时称九江府)为周子守墓,并与瑞昌的周子后裔相认,共续濂溪血脉。而迁至常熟的周昺一系,从宋末元初的周才(周子七世孙)到明朝后期的周与爵(周子十七世孙)一辈,历时数百年,先后有族人迁居吴县县城和长洲县城,实际均在苏州城内移徙。

The Zhou clan in Jiangzhou(Jiujiang City,Jiangxi Province)refers to the clansman who settled in Jiangzhou after Zhou Dunyi,a patriarch of Neo-Confucianism in the Song dynasty,migrated several times from the Southern Song dynasty to the Yuan and Ming dynasties.The reasons for migration were quite complex,such as a common phenomenon that officials often took the place of official as home since the Song dynasty,the helplessness of escaping wars due to the change of dynasties,and the traditional customs of migrating to guard tombs and offering sacrifices to ancestors as descendants of famous sages.Specifically,the war at the turn of the Song dynasty was the first great shock to the Zhou clan in Jiangzhou.The lineage of Zhou Shou,Zhou Dunyi’s eldest son,suffered a heavy blow,and five out of the six children were heirless.Zhou Xingyi,the fourth generation of descendants of Zhou Dunyi and the son of Ji Zhong,left his hometown,lived a hard life and was buried in Yushan in Changshu county of Suzhou,which was called Pingjiang prefecture in the middle of the Southern Song dynasty,and was later revered as the ancestor of Zhou Dunyi’s descendants in Suzhou.Zhou Bing,the eldest son of Zhou Xingyi,settled in Changshu county after he was appointed sheriff of Changshu county.As far as we can see,in the late Southern Song dynasty,Zhou Tao,the second son of Zhou Dunyi,migrated again,and Zhou Xun,the fifth generation of descendants of Zhou Dunyi and the descendant of Zhou Yin who was Zhou Tao’s eldest son,returned to Daozhou with his family.The descendants of Zhou Dunyi who continued living in Jiangzhou received official support represented by a powerful official Jia Sidao,but they could not revitalize their family in the long term and scattered in the chaos of the late Yuan dynasty.That was their second great shock.At present,it is only known that Zhou Qiande,the ninth generation of descendants of Zhou Dunyi,fled to Ruichang county of Jiangzhou,where he continued to multiply and develop,and finally there were no descendants of Zhou Dunyi living in Jiangzhou for a long time.Until the middle of the Ming dynasty,Zhou Lun,the thirteenth generation of descendants of Zhou Dunyi,a descendant of Zhou Xun from Daozhou was invited back to Jiangzhou,then called Jiujiang prefecture,under the coordination of Jiangxi and Huguang officials at all levels,to guard Zhou Dunyi’s tomb and recognized the descendants of Zhou Dunyi refuged in Ruichang to continue the Lianxi bloodline together.Zhou Bing’s lineage who moved to Changshu county in the middle of the Southern Song Dynasty also migrated many times in Suzhou for various reasons.Zhou Cai,the seventh generation of descendants of Zhou Dunyi,who experienced the chaos of war during the Song and Yuan dynasties,moved to Wuxian county with his son Zhou Wenying in his later life.Till the twenty-seventh Year of Wanli’s Reign in the Ming dynasty(1599),Zhou Yujue,the seventeenth generation of descendants of Zhou Dunyi,migrated to Xiangeli and settled down there as a sacrificial guard,for the Lianxi ancestral temple was newly built in Xiangeli in Changzhou county.The seats of governments of Wuxian county,Changzhou county and Suzhou prefecture were in the same city,so it could be said that they had already settled in Suzhou from Zhou Cai,the seventh generation of descendants of Zhou Dunyi.Furthermore,Changshu county,Wuxian county and Changzhou county all belonged to Suzhou prefecture in the Ming dynasty.From the death and burial of Zhou Xingyi,the fourth generation of descendants of Zhou Dunyi,to Zhou Yujue,the seventeenth generation of descendants of Zhou Dunyi,Zhou Xingyi’s branch had settled and developed in Suzhou spanning three dynasties of Song,Yuan,and Ming for hundreds of years.This paper denied the fallacy that the two sons of Zhou Dunyi and their descendants lived separately in Jiangzhou and Daozhou,which had been long passed down in and out of Zhou Zi family.What seems certain is that some of the descendants in Jiangzhou had moved back to Daozhou in the late Southern Song dynasty,and we have made a reasonable explanation and discrimination on the origin and lineage of the descendants of Zhou Zi in Suzhou during the Ming and Qing dynasties.The above research not only helps us to better accurately grasp the development track and distribution area of the Zhou clan in Jiangzhou,but also provides some inspiration for a deeper understanding of the migration,circulation,survival and evolution of the ancient Chinese clan.