马克思的劳资关系理论研究--基于《雇佣劳动与资本》的分析

A Study on Marx’s Theory of Labor Relations:Analysis on the Employment Labor and Capital

在社会主义市场经济下,私营经济领域的劳资关系逐渐成为国家和民众关注的重点。马克思的《雇佣劳动与资本》深刻揭示了资本主义社会关系下劳资关系的本质,即劳动与资本处于相互制约、相互依存而又不平等、不平衡的关系之中,劳动者与资本家的根本利益是始终对立的。随着社会的不断发展,劳动者在与资本家的竞争中只会越来越处于劣势,实际工资也会不断降低。在《雇佣劳动与资本》附录中提及几种调节劳资关系的路径,在实践中也正在发生,如划定最低工资、降低税收、利用储蓄银行、利用工人联合会、提高劳动技能、减少生育等。这些调节路径在一定程度上起到了缓和劳资矛盾的效果,但依然无法阻止资本增长、工资降低的整体趋势。我国是社会主义国家,在私营经济领域劳资关系日益重要的今天,只有认识到劳资关系的本质以及各种调节路径的优势与局限,才能有预见性地采取措施,在私营经济领域调整好劳资关系。

Under a socialist market economy,labor relations in the sector of the private economy have gradually become the focus of national and public attention.Marx’s Employment Labor and Capital profoundly reveals the na⁃ture of labor relations under capitalist social relations,that is,labor and capital are in the mutual restrictive,interde⁃pendent,unequal,and unbalanced relationship.The fundamental interests of workers and capitalists are always op⁃posed.With the continuous development of the society,workers will only be increasingly disadvantaged in the compe⁃tition with capitalists,and their actual wages will continue to fall.Several paths to regulate labor relations mentioned in the appendix to Employment Labor and Capital are also occurring in practice,such as delimiting minimum wage,reducing tax,savings bank,workers union,improving labor skills,reducing fertility,etc.These adjustment paths have to some extent alleviated labor conflicts,but they still cannot stop the overall trend of capital growth and wage reduc⁃tion.China is a socialist country.With the increasingly important labor relations in the sector of the private economy,only by recognizing the nature of labor relations and the advantages and limitations of various adjustment paths can we take predictable measures to adjust labor relations in the sector of the private economy.