我国高等学校分类发展政策的演进--基于39份政策文本的分析

The Evolution of the Classification Development Policy of Universities in China:Based on 39 Policy Texts

运用内容挖掘技术对1949年以来中央层面发布的39份高校分类发展政策文本进行分析,研究发现,出台分类发展政策的数量越来越多,发布主体越来越多元化,地方政府承担更多主体责任,政策样本的语义网络形成了“发展-建设-特色”“高等教育-质量-结构”和“高等学校-学科-水平”3个核心聚类。“分类发展”经历了重在学校建设、由重在学校建设向重在学科建设过渡和重在内涵建设3个发展阶段,高校分类标准呈现出丰富性和全面性,政策效力由强规划性转向强指导性,政策工具由强制性向诱致性转变。由此可见,在分类发展政策中,中央的角色已由“主导者”转变为“指导者”,政策导向由调整外部关系回归教育本身,发展策略从终身制转变为“有进有退”的竞争机制。为完善高校分类发展政策,应进一步提升政策执行力、平衡政策着力点及优化政策工具。

By using content mining technology,an analysis was made on 39 policy texts related to the classified development of colleges and universities in China.The results show that the number of classified development policies is becoming more and more intensive,the main body of publishing being more and more diversified,local governments bearing more responsibilities.The semantic network of policy samples has formed three core clusters of“development-construction-characteristics”,“higher education-quality-structure”and“colleges and universities-disciplines-level”.“Classified development”has experienced three development stages:focusing on school construction,discipline construction and then connotation construction.The classification standards of colleges and universities show richness and comprehensiveness,and the policy effectiveness has changed from strong planning to strong guidance,the policy tools changing from mandatory to inducement.It can be seen that in the classified development policy,the role of the central government has changed from“leader”to“guide”,the policy guidance changing from adjusting external relations to education itself,and the development strategy changing from lifelong system to a competition mechanism of“advance or retreat”.In order to improve the classified development policy of colleges and universities,the policy execution should be further improved,the policy focus to be balanced and the policy tools to be optimized.