从祖先到家先:湘西苗族墓祭仪式的发生——以湘西凤凰县吉信苗寨为例

From Ancestors to “Gaxian”: The Occurrence of the Ritual of Tomb Sacrifice of the Miao Ethnic Group in Xiangxi:A Case Study of Jixin Miao Village in Fenghuang County,Western Hunan

湘西苗族地区在清代中后期被纳入王朝国家的行政版图后,随着地方治理的深入,湘西苗族人逐渐放弃了传统的"跳鼓脏"与"椎牛"祭祖仪式,继之以对家先的"墓祭"。仪式的取舍反映的是湘西苗族人为满足生活需要对神圣权能的选择,在此过程中,湘西苗族人对于家先信仰的价值进行了重述。王朝国家推行的神明信仰是包含了神明的神圣权能与价值的结构性网络,民众通过对神明价值的再表述以及将仪式与地方传统结合的方式,将本地传统编织进结构性网络,并保持了地方文化的特点。

After the Miao ethnic group in Xiangxi(western Hunan) was brought into administration in the middle and late Qing Dynasty. With the deepening of local governance, the Miao people gradually abandoned their traditional ancestor worship rituals of “Tiao Guzang”(eating cattle among closely related villages) and “Zhui Niu”(eating cattle in the family), which were replaced by the ritual of tomb sacrifice to Gaxian(ghosts of ancestors). The replacement of the ritual reflects the choice of sacred power of the Miao ethnic group in Xiangxi in order to meet the needs of life. In this process, the Miao people restate the value of family belief. The divine belief promoted by the dynasty is a structural network containing the sacred power and value of the deity. The people weave the local tradition into the structural network through the re-expression of the value of the deity and the combination of rituals and local traditions, and maintain the characteristics of the local culture.