重思康德实践哲学的起点问题——兼论启蒙哲学与基督教的关系

Rethinking the Starting Point of Kant’s Practical Philosophy:on the Relationship between Enlightenment Philosophy and Christianity

作为启蒙哲学典范的康德哲学是以理性作为起点和最终目的的,这已经在汉语学界得到共识,重提其实践哲学的起点问题似乎是多余的。但实情并非如此。对"人是一种理性存在者"和"理性存在者"的差别是康德的明确意识,也是重新思考其实践哲学起点的契机。本文以康德后期宗教哲学文本为依据,揭示了对作为人性原型的耶稣的信仰何以是其实践哲学的隐秘起点,以及这种信仰何以内在地支持了道德法则的现实性,及其之于由恶向善的转变和至善之现实性的基础地位。对信仰这一隐秘起点的阐释能让我们更深刻地理解康德哲学对基督教相关原理的批判反思,也能让我们更深刻地理解康德的启蒙哲学与基督教体系的深度纠缠和争辩。在这种深度的纠缠和争辩中确立启蒙(哲学)的真理意义于汉语思想界而言依然是一项任务。

Kant’s philosophy,as a model of Enlightenment Philosophy,takes Reason as its starting point and final goal,which has already been agreed by the Chinese scholars.It seems unnecessary to reiterate the starting point of Kant’s Practical Philosophy,but in fact this is not the case.The difference between“man is a rational being”and“rational being”is Kant’s clear consciousness,and it is also an opportunity to rethink the starting point of his Practical Philosophy.Based on Kant’s late religious philosophy texts,this paper reveals why the Faith in Jesus as the prototype of human nature is the hidden starting point of his Practical Philosophy,and why this faith internally supports the reality of moral laws,and why this faith provides basis for the transformation from evil to good and the reality of the ultimate good.The interpretation of the hidden starting point of faith can give us a deeper understanding of the critical reflection of Kant’s philosophy on the relevant principles of Christianity,as well as a deeper understanding of the deep entanglement and debate between Kant’s Enlightenment Philosophy and the Christian system.Establishing the truth connotation of Enlightenment(philosophy)in this kind of deep entanglement and debate is still a task for Chinese ideological circles.