梅山傩俗中的女权城邦社会记忆

Social Memories of Matriarchal Clans Reflected in Nuo Custom in Meishan Area

梅山傩俗是在古梅山峒区封闭环境下民间传承的祭祀祖先的活态化习俗,历史悠久而自成体系。其中祭祀女性祖先的“大宫和会”傩仪,承载的历史信息最为丰富。通过对田野作业中发现的民间仪程手抄本与活态演绎形态归类,及其与山民个体之间的先天性关联等相关事相,在“民不祀非宗”传统理念观照下进行综合分析,认为梅山历史上应存在过相对较长时段的女权氏族城邦社会时期,傩俗中女性祖先栖居的所谓“桃源仙境”,应是山民对女权氏族城邦社会历史的群体记忆。

Nuo custom in Meishan area is a living custom of offering sacrifice to ancestors inherited by the people in the isolated environment of ancient Tongqu in Meishan area,enjoying a long history and having its own system.Among them,Nuo ceremony of“Da-gong-he-hui”that offers sacrifices to female ancestors carries the most abundant historical information.Through a comprehensive analysis of the relevant events found in the fieldwork,such as,classifying the manuscripts of folk ceremony agenda,deducing their living forms,and considering their natural relationship with mountain people,the essay holds that historically there once was a relatively long period of matriarchal clan society in Meishan area and the legendary“Tao-yuan-xian-jing”(Fairyland of Peach Blossoms)where the female ancestors dwelt in Nuo custom should be the collective memories constructed by the mountain people for the social history of the matriarchal clan society with a reference to the traditional concept that“people who do not worship the same ancestors are not from the same clan”.