阿根廷的经济政策与社会转型(1975~2002)

Three Generations of Popular City Leaders in Lima, Peru, 1950 - 2020

从1975年开始,为了应对通货膨胀,阿根廷尝试转变庇隆时期的经济政策框架,但直到90年代初,阿根廷仍未解决通货膨胀、财政赤字等问题。1991年后,依靠货币局制度,阿根廷经济开始进入相对稳定时期,但该制度在阿根廷实施过程中存在困难,不能从根本上解决阿根廷在巩固经济发展方面面临的一系列限制性问题。在这一整段时期内,通货膨胀、工资性收入在国民收入比重中的下降、工业部门占经济活动比重的降低等问题,使阿根廷的社会结构发生变化,反映为失业率的上升和贫困的普遍存在,中产阶级、工人阶级的缩减和边缘阶层的增长。这些结构性特征惯性地延续下去,并对当下的阿根廷产生影响。

In 1950, Peru started an extensive internal immigration process,which formed the first generation of popular settlements in Lima. In order to fightfor their rights, these settlements formed mass organizations to exert pressure onthe government and their leaders demonstrate the characteristics of solidarity, organizationand combativeness. The second generation of the popular settlementswere affected by the economic crisis in the 1980s, the Fujimori government's neoliberalreform in the 1990s and the social assistance in the same period. As a result,its autonomy has weakened, class division has been expanded inside, mutualassistance mechanism has been dismantled, and the social demands of itsleaders have become more practical. With the appearance of the third generation ofpopular settlements, informal employment has further expanded, and corruptionof the district municipalities and lack of horizontal connections within the popularsectors have greatly reduced the enthusiasm of popular leaders for political participationand the radicalness of their social demands.