巴西的现代化道路(1808~1930)

The Brazilian Modernization Path:1808-1930

1822年巴西帝国建立,但殖民时期的经济和社会结构并没有被破坏。由于新兴咖啡资产阶级和军人不断扩张政治权力,以及奴隶制废除消除了帝国的社会基础,巴西帝国衰亡了。1889年巴西共和国建立后,也没有进行结构性改革,经济依然依赖初级产品出口。咖啡经济带动了巴西工业化的不断发展,第一次世界大战后,工业资产阶级、城市中产阶级和工人阶级的政治影响力不断增强,他们渴望分享权力,但这些新兴社会阶级并没有被寡头政治所接纳,使得政治秩序愈发紧张。在1929年经济危机的冲击下,巴西寡头集团内部分裂了,其经济基础也被摧毁了,从而引发了1930年革命,初级产品出口也被进口替代工业化取代了。

The Brazilian Empire was established in 1822,but the economic and social structures of the colony remained intact.The empire fell as a result of the political power expansion of the new coffee bourgeoisie and military,and the abolition of slavery,which eliminated the Empire's social foundation.There were no structural reforms after the founding of the First Republic in 1889,and the economy remained dependent on the export of basic products.The coffee economy promoted Brazil's industrialization.After the First World War,the political weight of the industrial bourgeoisie,the urban middle class and the working class increased,and they were eager to share power.However,these new social classes were not accepted by the oligarchy,which strained the political order.The economic crisis of 1929 split the Brazilian oligarchy and ruined its economic foundation,which led to the Revolution of 1930 and the export of primary products to be replaced by the import substitution industrialization strategy.