拉美国家独立后50年的阶级矛盾和社会变革

Class Contradictions and Social Changes in Latin American Countries:50 Years after Independence

独立初期,拉美国家的社会经济制度没有发生根本性的改变,仍处于传统社会阶段,主要矛盾依旧是以白人为主的地主阶级与其他人种共同构成的劳动人民之间的矛盾,种族和血统仍然是阶级分化的重要标志。与独立战争之前相比,社会阶层结构方面的主要变化在于土生白人取代了“半岛人”成为统治阶级,混血种人中的一部分借助参军实现了社会地位升迁,黑人奴隶陆续获得了人身自由。在独立后的50年时间里,在国内外因素的共同作用之下,种族矛盾、阶级矛盾与民族矛盾相交织,使得这一时期的社会矛盾空前激化。但是,发端于殖民时期的庇护主义在一定程度上掩盖了阶级和种族矛盾,使阶级对立并没有以极端的形式呈现出来。资本主义经济虽然有了初步发展,但十分缓慢,资本主义的生产关系也十分脆弱。这决定了拉美的社会变迁必然因缺乏足够强大的推动力而显得缓慢而艰难。但是,拉美社会也并非毫无波澜,“民众考迪罗”的出现、奴隶制的废除,以及教会势力的削弱等都预示着推动社会变革的力量在进一步增强,并且对阶级地位或多或少地产生着影响。

In the early years of independence,the socio-economic system of the Latin American countries did not transform fundamentally and they were still traditional societies.The main conflict was that between the white landowning class and the working people composed of other races.Race and ancestry were important signs of social division.Compared to the period before the War of Independence,the main changes in the social class structure were the replacement of the“peninsulars”by the creoles as the ruling class,the social Status Promotion of some of the mestizo population by joining the army,and the successive personal freedom of the black slaves.In the 50 years after the independence,under the combined effect of domestic and foreign factors,racial,class and ethnic contradictions were intertwined,which intensified social tensions unprecedentedly.However,the clienlism that had its origins in the colonial period masked class and racial contradictions to a certain extent,so that class antagonism did not appear in extreme forms.The capitalist economy developed initially,but very slowly,and capitalist production relations were still very fragile.This meant that social changes in Latin America were inevitably slow and difficult because of the lack of a strong impetus.However,the emergence of the“popular caudillo”,the abolition of slavery and the weakening of the Church signaled that the power to promote social changes was further strengthened and had an impact,to a greater or lesser extent,on class status.