汉魏两晋南北朝僧人社会身份考略

On the Social Identity of Monks in the Han,Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties

从社会学的角度,结合中国古代名籍制度,通过考察不同族属僧人在国家空间和家族空间的活动,可以确认僧人的社会身份。汉魏两晋南北朝时期僧人的活动时空,可以分为汉至西晋时期国家朝贡空间、十六国北朝时期国家空间和贵族家族空间、东晋南朝时期国家空间和名士家族空间等两个时段和五种性质空间。以上时空中活动的僧人,存在有15种社会身份。此一时期僧人的社会身份不仅取决于族属,而且也取决于僧人所活动的空间性质,并随着僧人在不同性质空间的移动而呈现多重社会身份。僧人社会身份的历时演变,表现了西域佛教传播汉地过程中的重要面相。

From the perspective of sociology,combined with the identity registration system of monks and nuns in ancient China,by investigating the activities of monks of different ethnic groups in the national space and family space,the social identity of monks can be confirmed.The time and space of monks’activities in the Han,Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties can be divided into two periods and five types of space,including the national tributary space from the Han Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty,the national space and the noble family space in the Sixteen States and Northern Dynasties,the national space and the famous scholar family space in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties.There are 15 alternative social identities for monks who are active in the above periods and space.During these periods,the social identity of monks depended not only on the ethnicity,but also on the nature of the space in which the monks moved,and presented multiple social identities with the movement of monks in different spaces.The diachronic evolution of monks’social identity reflects the important aspects of Western Buddhism in the process of spreading and taking root in the Han areas of China.