从佛教“体用一致”原则看朱熹“理一分殊”思想

Re-discussion of Zhu Xi’s Thought of“There Is but One Principle,Which Exists in Diverse Forms”From the Perspective of Buddhist“Noumenon and Expression Consistency”

佛教“体用一致”原则认为体用不能相离,所以体和用在根本特征上必须保持一致。如体是唯一、恒常,那么用不离体,用也必须保持唯一、恒常的特征,而不能是非一、无常。朱熹亦赞同体用不可相离。通过分析发现,朱熹哲学中的“理一分殊”其实是“体一用殊”。朱熹认为天地间只存在一个理,因为如果理是不同的多,那么格不同的物理将无法贯通。“理”除了具备“一”的特征,还具有无计度、无造作——“常”的特征,但朱熹认为理在万物之用却可以是“多”和“无常”。从体用一致的角度来看,理之体的“一”、“常”与理之用的“多”、“无常”具有相违性。这或许是我们应该重新审视朱熹“理一分殊”思想的地方。

Buddhist“noumenon and expression consistency”means that the noumenon and expression cannot be separated from each other and must be consistent in attributes.For example,if the noumenon is unique and eternal,then the expression must be the same,not multiple and impermanent.Zhu Xi also believed that noumenon and expression cannot be separated.Zhu Xi believed that there is only one principle in the world.This principle is universal,unique and eternal.So,this principle is the noumenon.But the expression of the principle is multiple and impermanent.Therefore,from the perspective of Buddhist“Noumenon and Expression Consistency”,Zhu Xi’s view is unreasonable.Perhaps this is what we should re-examine in Zhu Xi’s thought of“There is but one principle,which exists in diverse forms”.