培育何种公民:近代公民启蒙的理论基础及教育审思

What Kind of Citizens to Train:An Educational Survey on the Theoretical Basis of Modern Citizen Enlightenment

近代以来,国家主义和民主主义公民教育理念的引入,在中国教育界引起了强烈反响。受上述两种公民观的影响,近代中国学者在思考培养何种公民的问题上,一类坚持国家本位,主张公民教育是为了培养有国家观念的有用公民;另一类侧重从改造个人和社会的角度来塑造公民,认为公民教育的目的是培养受过教育的良好公民。在这两种典型的公民教育理念之上,又衍化出了一种“最低限度的公民”概念,试图构建中国式的公民教育。在这些观念的论争背后,隐含着对个人与国家关系的深层关注,这也是公民教育难以回避的问题所在。

Since modern times,the introduction of the civic concepts of nationalism and democratism has aroused strong repercussions in Chinese educational circles.Influenced by the above two views of citizenship,on the question of what kind of citizens to train,some modern Chinese scholars insisted on the national standard and argued that citizenship education is to train useful citizens with national concept while the other focuses on shaping citizens from the perspective of transforming individuals and society,believing that the purpose of civic education is to cultivate educated and good citizens.On the basis of these two typical concepts of civic education,a concept of"minimum citizenship"is developed,which tries to construct Chinese-style civic education.Behind the controversy of these concepts,there is a deep concern about the relationship between the individual and the state,which is also an unavoidable problem of civic education.