悖离与纠偏:“孤证不能定案”规则的实践性反思

Deviation and Correction:A Practical Reflection on the Rule of a Verdict Cannot be Based on Solitary Evidence

“孤证不能定案”作为我国重要的司法证明规则,其强调不能仅凭证据来源单一或数量单一的实质证据认定案件的定罪事实,该规则的理论型塑是基于认知论的原理和我国证据法理论的影响。但该规则在司法实践中出现了悖离规范目的、不当适用的情况,包括“孤证”内涵的不当扩张并侵害无罪推定原则,规则的僵化适用导致印证的“形式化”,过度强调该规则而对证据的收集、适用产生了负面影响。产生这些问题的原因在于我国传统司法证明理念和方式并不契合刑事诉讼事实认定机制、该规则规范结构存在局限性以及我国证据法程序性基础的支撑不足。对此应从树立“主客观平衡”的证明理念出发,完善该规则的适用原则和范围、确立以“实质证据+若干辅助证据”“实质证据+其他证明手段”的定案方式、强化诉讼程序对该规则适用的程序性支撑等三个维度进行纠偏。

As an important judicial rule of proof in China,the rule that a verdict cannot be based on solitary evidence(THE RULE)emphasizes that a conviction cannot be based solely on substantial evidence from a single source or a single amount of evidence.The theoretical shape of THE RULEbases on the principles of cognitive theory and the influence of China's evidence law theory.However,in judicial practice,THE RULE violated the normative purpose and was improperly applied,including improper expansion of the connotation of solitary evidence,and violated the principle of presumption of innocence;the rigid application of the THE RULEleads to the formalization of confirmation;overemphasizing the rules has a negative impact on the collection and application of evidence.The reasons for these problems are that my country's traditional judicial proof concepts and methods do not conform to the criminal procedure fact-finding mechanism,THE RULEand regulations have limitations,and the support of the procedural basis of my country's evidence law is insufficient.This should be corrected from the following three dimensions,such as establishing the proof concept of subjective and objective balance,improving the application principles and scope of THE RULE,and establishing a verdict based on substantial evidence+some auxiliary evidence and substantial evidence+other means of proof method,and strengthen the procedural support for the application of this rule by litigation procedures.