商业判断规则在公司对外担保案件中的适用

On the Application of the Business Judgment Rule in Cases Involving Corporate External Guarantee

围绕公司对外担保案件的理论争鸣和司法裁判一直歧见迭出,难求一致。《民法典》及《最高人民法院关于适用<中华人民共和国民法典>有关担保制度的解释》(法释[2020]28号,以下简称《担保制度的解释》)采当下主流的法定权限限制说,可在形式上暂时统一长期以来关于《公司法》第16条的裁判分歧,但并未克服现有理论分析范式重形式、弱实质的局限,无法真正止争。在没有完善的决议外部效力规则以补正《公司法》第16条的漏洞和缺乏完备的商事登记制度的情况下,可尝试在司法裁判中引入商业判断规则并构建合理商业判断标准以矫正成文法的刚性。这不仅契合公司对外担保本身所具有的利弊两面性对公司对外担保制度的规制要求,亦具有现实可行性。其适用应考量"公司利益"这一基本要素,通过举证责任的适当配置和司法裁判的个案衡量在当事人之间妥当地配置风险和利益。

Theoretical discussion and judicial practice relating to cases of corporate external guarantees have long been marked by sustained controversy.The mainstream doctrine of statutory authority limitation,which is adopted by the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,and the Judicial Interpretation on Guarantee,has so far served to temporarily and nominally bridge the long-standing controversy over Article 16 of the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China;however,it fails to overcome the limitations of the existing theoretical analysis paradigm,which focuses on form and is weak in substance,and therefore cannot effectively eliminate the controversy.Given that fact there are not sophisticated rules on the external effect of resolutions to correct the loopholes in Article 16 of the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China,or a well-developed commercial registration system,efforts should be made to introduce the business judgement rule into judicial decisions and construct reasonable business judgement rules,so as to address the rigidity of statutory laws.This will not only meet the regulatory requirements relating to the corporate external guarantee system,which has both advantages and disadvantages,but will also have practical feasibility.In its application,the basic element of"corporate interests"should be taken into consideration,and the risks and interests properly allocated among the parties should be measured,through the appropriate allocation of the burden of proof in judicial cases.