侵害英雄烈士名誉、荣誉行为的法律分析与司法适用

Legal analysis and judicial application of infringing on the fame and honor of heroes and martyrs

《刑法修正案(十一)》在刑法第229条中增设了关于侵害英雄烈士名誉、荣誉罪的相关内容,是刑法规范层面保护英雄烈士名誉、维护社会公共利益的积极确认。与行政处罚相比,从法益保护、前置法处罚力度不足、该类行为具有严重社会危害性等方面考察,刑法给予该类行为否定性评价实属必要。从法教义学着手,着重对本罪的行为手段进行解构,其行为手段包含侮辱、诽谤以及其他手段,“英雄烈士”的范围应为英雄和烈士并从形式和实质层面认定更为妥当,侵害“活着的英雄”名誉、荣誉行为仍会造成严重不法侵害,“活着的英雄”理当在本罪保护范围,勘定“情节严重”界限应从侵害手段的恶劣程度、侵害动机、侵害行为次数、造成损害后果进行考量,特定时间场所也是情节严重必须考虑的该当范围,本罪侵害手段无需具有公然性。针对本罪与寻衅滋事罪可能产生一定混淆的问题,从保护法益、行为手段、对象、处罚程度入手将两者予以厘清,有助于合理适用该项罪名。

The“Criminal Law Amendment(11)”adds relevant content about the crime of infringing on the fame and honor of heroes and martyrs in Article 229 of the Criminal Law,which is a positive confirmation of the protection of the honor of heroes and martyrs and the maintenance of social and public interests at the level of criminal law norms.Compared with administrative punishments,it is necessary for the criminal law to give negative evaluations to such behaviors from the perspectives of protection of legal interests,insufficient pre-judgment punishment and serious social harm of such behaviors.Starting from legal doctrine,it focuses on deconstructing the behavioral means of this crime.Its behavioral means include insults,slander and other means.The scope of“heroes and martyrs”should be heroes and martyrs,and it is more appropriate to identify them from the formal and substantive levels.The behavior of infringing on the fame and honor of“living heroes”will still cause serious illegal infringement,so the“living heroes”should be within the scope of protection of this crime.And the definition of“serious circumstances”should be based on the severity of the means of infringement,the motive of the infringement,the number of infringements,and the consequences of damage.The specific time and place are also the appropriate scope that must be considered in serious circumstances,and the means of infringing this crime do not need to be public.In view of the possible confusion between this crime and the crime of picking quarrels and provoking trouble,clarifying the two from the perspective of protection of legal interests,means of conduct,objects,and the degree of punishment is helpful for the rational application of this crime.