光前裕后:曹端《家规辑略》的经济观念述论

Win Honour for Ancestors and Benefit Descendants:A Study on the Economic Concepts of Cao Duan’s Family Code

《家规辑略》是被称为“明初理学之冠”的曹端在永乐四年以《郑氏规范》为范本撰就的一部家训,它包含重要的经济观念。《家规辑略》建立起以家长为核心的家族经济管理体系,主母和“监视”辅助家长,族众必须接受家长的管理;制定严密的经济管理条例和详赡的奖惩方法,以长久维持家族公有制;要求族人树立以节俭为准绳的消费观,摈斥佛教消费和饮酒消费;推行以仁为核心的经济援助,要求合理合法地增拓田产。《家规辑略》的经济要求比《郑氏规范》更加严苛,体现家族和国家、家法和国法的互动,也展现出曹端光前裕后的家族理想及他对家族可持续发展的期冀与忧虑。

Family Code is a family instruction written in the fourth year of Yong Le by Cao Duan,who is called“the champion scholar of Neo-Confucianism in the early Ming Dynasty”,based on Zheng’s Code.It contains important economic concepts.Family Code establishes a family system of economic management,with patriarch as the core.The housemistress and“surveillant”assist the patriarch,and all the family must accept governance from the patriarch.In order to maintain family public ownership for a long time,Cao Duan formulates strict regulations of economic management and detailed methods of rewards and punishments.Family Code requires the family to set up a consumption view taking frugality as a criterion,rejecting Buddhist consumption as well as alcohol consumption.Cao Duan advocates benevolence-centered financial assistance,and calls for expanding farmlands reasonably and legally in order to achieve the family’s development.The economic regulations of Family Code are harsher than those of Zheng’s Code,which reflects the interaction between family and country,family law and national law,and also shows Cao Duan’s family ideal of winning honour for ancestors and benefiting descendants,together with his aspiration and anxiety about sustainable development of the family.