美国校园性骚扰的学校责任形式及发展变迁——《1972年教育修正案》第九篇的解释适用

Forms and Development of American School’Responsibility in Sexual Harassment--Interpretation and Application of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

《1972年教育修正案》第九篇的设计初衷是消除教育领域性别不平等,其适用范围通过司法解释扩张至性骚扰领域,成为美国联邦政府防治校园性骚扰的主要法律依据。联邦最高法院通过司法判例建立起学校向性骚扰受害人承担民事赔偿责任的标准,具体包括校方合适的人明知、故意漠视和损害受害人教育利益等内容。第九篇本质上是联邦政府和接受补贴的教育机构之间的契约,联邦机构有权发布学校“违约”责任的标准及指导文件,调查教育机构违反修正案的行为,收回或取消教育机构的补贴。性骚扰案件中的学校责任发展与民权运动进程密切相关,存在不同利益团体和价值理念的冲突,受到政党政治的深刻影响,对我国校园性骚扰中学校责任体系的完善有借鉴意义。

The original intention of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is to eliminate inequality in public education.Title IX has become the main legal basis for federal government to deal with sexual harassment since the scope of Title IX was expanded through relevant judicial precedents.Federal Supreme Court established damage compensation standards for school districts in four important cases.In that Title IX is a kind of contract between federal government and school districts,federal government has the power to issue documents implementing Title IX,investigate complaints and withdraw federal subsidies.There are value conflicts and political divisions in the development of American school’responsibility in sexual harassment.American experience is helpful for improving the anti-sexual harassment policies.