隐名出资的类型重释与规范构造——基于对契约法思维的反思

Reinterpretation of the Types of Anonymous Investment and the Reform of Company Law:Based on the Reflections from Rules of Contract Mentality

隐名出资的股权状态,不同于“出资人—股权—公司”的传统认定结构,涉及对内对外多重法律关系。现有相关规定深受契约法思维定式的影响,忽视了公司的程式地位,不仅使得股东认定标准在司法实践中存在摇摆,而且严重困扰隐名出资的制度定型。从组织法视域出发,隐名出资可分为“借名取利型”和“借名经营型”两种类型,基于此,能够在公司程式运行、股权争议状态、善意取得等环节合理划定各主体间的关系,完成隐名出资的完整应用。此二元类型的划分以“行权”作为核心要素,从公司关系角度分析“名实分离”的两个主体与公司之间的关系,通过重点识别实际出资人在组织法中的规范位置,实现对隐名出资的理论解读。

Anonymous investment,as a kind of equity state of“separation of the nominal and real”,is different from the traditional identification structure of“investor-stock-company”,which involves multiple internal and external legal relations.Both the Judicial Interpretation of the Company Law(Third)and the Minutes of the Ninth National Court of Civil and Commercial Trial Work Conference are deeply influenced by the mentality of the rules of contract,which ignores the procedural status of the company.It not only makes the standard of shareholder identification uncertain in judicial practice,but also seriously puzzles the finalization of the system of anonymous investment.From the perspective of the rules of organization,combined with relevant empirical research,anonymous investment can be divided into two types,namely,“profiting”and“management”.The typological construction of anonymous investment can reasonably define the relationship and influence of various subjects in the procedural operation of the company,the state of equity dispute,bona fide acquisition,and other equity operation links,and finally complete the application of anonymous investment.The division of this dual type is to take“exercise”as the core element of the qualification of anonymous shareholders,determine the relevant legal relation structure in the“company relation”,and specifically analyze the relation between the two subjects of“separation of name and reality”and the company,to identify the normative position of the actual investors in the rules of organization and complete the theoretical interpretation of the anonymous investment type.