高考科目选择与高等教育机会均等——兼论弃考物理能否增加大学入学机会

On the Choice of Subjects in College Entrance Examination and Equality of Opportunity in Higher Education:Does Dropping Physics Examination Increase College Chances

公平、适切与卓越是高考科目改革的三大价值目标。在改革过程中,部分学生期望通过弃考物理来增加大学入学机会,导致物理选考人数下降,对个体未来职业发展与国家科技人才培养造成不利影响。利用相关数据探讨弃考物理是否有助于提升入学机会,发现选考理科科目的入学机会均高于选考文科科目,其中尤以物理的机会最高。同时,低学业成绩、农村、薄弱学校的学生以及女生对理科的逃避将会加重他们在入学机会竞争中的弱势地位。因此,高考科目改革应注重动态、量化考察不同群体学生的选考科目偏好以及高等教育机会分化状况,并通过建立系统的高中学校升学指导机制、加强高校招生改革等促进学生理性选择高考科目,推进高考改革三大价值目标的实现。

Fairness,appropriateness and excellence are the three value goals pursued by the reform of college entrance examination subjects.In the process of reform,some students expect to increase the chance of entering higher education by giving up the physics examination,which leads to the decline of the number of students taking the physics examination,and has a negative impact on the future career development of individuals and the cultivation of national scientific and technological talents.Based on relevant data,this paper explores whether abandoning physics contributes to the improvement of admission chances.The results show that the entrance chances of science subjects are all higher than those of liberal arts subjects,especially physics.Students with low academic performance,rural areas and weak schools and female students’ avoidance of science actually aggravates their weak position in the competition for admission opportunities.Therefore,the subject reform of college entrance examination should pay attention to the dynamic and quantitative investigation of the preferences of different groups of students and the differentiation of higher education opportunities.And through the establishment of a system of high school guidance mechanism,to strengthen the college enrollment reform to promote the rational choice of college entrance examination subjects,so as to promote the realization of the three value goals of college entrance examination reform.