现代汉音俄拼体系的形成历程考察

On the Formation of Modern Chinese-Russian Phonetic Transcription System

在俄罗斯汉学史上,用俄语字母拼写汉字读音的系统化与规范化经历了一个长期的探索过程。18世纪初进驻北京的俄罗斯东正教使团开了制订传统汉音俄拼体系的先河,19世纪末将其固定在“巴拉第拼音体系”中,20世纪初继续完善。十月革命后,列宁开展少数民族文字拉丁化扫盲运动。瞿秋白等中共学者与苏联汉学家合作,为远东华工研制拉丁化新文字,推动了汉字向拉丁化发展。斯大林当政时,要求把新创的拉丁字母文字全部转成俄语字母。苏联汉学家或重新设计,或沿用革命前的汉音俄拼体系。1958年中国公布了《汉语拼音方案》,实现了与国际汉语的接轨。现代汉音俄拼体系随之形成,有力地推动了俄罗斯的汉语教学与汉学发展,并为中俄文化交流奠定了坚实基础。

In the history of Russian sinology, the systematization and standardization of the spelling of Chinese characters in Russian letters has been explored for a long time. The Russian Orthodox Mission, which entered and was stationed in Beijing at the beginning of the 18^(th) century, set a precedent for the formulation of traditional Chinese-Russian phonetic transcription system. It was fixed in the framework of “Baladian Phonetic System” at the end of the 19^(th) century and continued to be completed at the beginning of the 20^(th) century. After the October Revolution, Lenin launched an anti-illiteracy campaign of latinization for ethnic minority groups. Scholars from the Communist Party of China, such as Qu Qiubai, cooperated with Soviet sinologists to create a new type of latinized characters for Chinese workers in the Far East, which promoted the latinization of the Chinese language. When Stalin was in power, he required that all newly created Latin alphabet characters be converted into Russian alphabet. Soviet sinologists either redesigned or followed the pre-revolutionary Chinese-Russian phonetic transcription system at that time. In 1958, the “Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet” was published in China, paving the way for Chinese to become an international language. Thereafter, the modern Chinese-Russian phonetic transcription system was formed, which effectively promoted the teaching and dissemination of Chinese in Russia and laid a solid foundation for the progress and development of sinology.