域外监察官制度变迁及其镜鉴

Institutional Changes of Extraterritorial Ombudsman and Their Reference

监察官制度源远流长,并不断发展变迁。回溯域外监察官制度发展史,由点到面铺开,大致历经平民监察官、国王监察官与议会监察官三个大的阶段,各自呈现出阶段性特征和制度特色。守住人民性、保障独立性、明晰权力边界以及加强对监督者再监督,是确保监察官制度效能发挥的历史经验。总结域外监察官制度发展的经验得失,以期为中国特色国家监察官制度建设提供镜鉴。

The ombudsman system has a long history and is constantly evolving. In the history of the development of the ombudsman system in foreign countries, it has gone through three major stages, namely, the common people’s ombudsman, the king’s ombudsman, and the parliamentary ombudsman, each presenting its own characteristics and institutional features. The historical experience of ensuring the effectiveness of the ombudsman system has been to safeguard the people’s nature, guarantee independence, clarify the boundaries of power and strengthen the re-monitoring of the supervisors. The experience of the development of overseas ombudsman systems is summarized in order to provide a reference for the construction of a national ombudsman system with Chinese characteristics.