《资本论》的时间哲学体系

Philosophical System of Time in The Capital

《资本论》的时间哲学体系包含三重时间:具体劳动时间、抽象—具体时间和抽象时间。具体劳动时间作为本体论时间与劳动内容不可分,包含劳动的主观与客观的综合、人的生存过程的综合、劳动事实与生存状态的综合三方面内容。抽象—具体时间是抽象劳动的时间,它揭示了人与人的劳动时间如何进行平均性综合和组合式综合,去掉具体劳动的个性化内容,实现了劳动时间的抽象的社会化,用以衡量人与物的交换价值。抽象时间去掉了所有时间内容的形式化数字时间,衡量所有的存在物,它导致时间的符号化、掩盖资本家对工人的剥削,导致人的物化。价值尺度的抽象—具体时间和物的尺度的抽象时间都从本体论的具体劳动时间中衍生出来,三重时间结构构成《资本论》完整的时间哲学体系。《资本论》时间哲学体系为超越资本主义抽象—具体时间和抽象时间统治提供了必要性和可能性,为《资本论》批判资本主义提供了重要基础。对《资本论》三重时间结构的研究凸显了时间在《资本论》中的重要地位,对研究马克思的时间理论及其在哲学史上的关键地位具有重要意义。

Time is of three kinds in the philosophical System of Time in The Capital,and they are concrete labor time,abstract-concrete time and abstract time.Ontologically inseparable from what is implied in labor,concrete labor time is the integration of subjective and objective labor,of human life span,of physical labor and of living conditions.Referring to the time of abstract labor,abstract concrete time reveals the average synthesis and combined synthesis of workers’labor time,removes the personalized content of concrete labor,realizes the abstract socialization of labor time,and measures the exchange value between people and things.With all connotations generalized,abstract formal digital time measures existence of all kinds,and symbolizes time to conceal the exploitation of workers by capitalists,leading to materialization of human beings.Abstract concrete time as a value scale and abstract time as a material scale are both derived from the ontological concrete labor time.The time theory structure with time of three kinds constitutes the complete time philosophy system of The Capital,which provides the necessity and possibility to go beyond the abstract-concrete time and the abstract time rule in capitalism,and provides an important basis for criticism of capitalism in The Capital.The study of the time theory structure of The Capital highlights the important position of time in it,and is of great significance in the study of Marx’s time theory and its key position in the history of time philosophy.