《民法典》第538条(撤销债务人无偿行为)评注

Commentary on Article 538 of The Civil Code(Rescission of Debtor’s Uncompensated Acts)

《中华人民共和国民法典》第538条的规范目的主要在于规制债务人操控其责任财产的行为,避免债权人的债权实现受到债务人不当操控其责任财产行为的影响。在债权人撤销权的构成上,应从债权人角度与债务人角度分别分析。自债权人角度,债权人须对债务人享有债权,该债权应限于金钱之债或者能够转化成金钱之债的债权,在产生的时点上,债权人的债权应成立在诈害行为之前;从债务人角度,债务人须为无偿行为,而对于无偿行为,须实质判断,具体考察债务人向第三人(受领人)给付的财产价值与受领人对待给付之间是否具有超出市场限度的不对等状态,并不能根据债务人单方关于可能经济价值的设想进行判断。进一步在具体无偿行为类型上,本条列举规定了债务人放弃债权、无偿转让财产、放弃债权担保、恶意延长其到期债权的履行期限的行为,并且增加了"等方式无偿处分财产权益"的表述。另外,构成债权人撤销权最为关键的是如何判断无偿行为对债权实现的影响和债务人存在操纵责任财产妨碍债权人债权实现的行为,本文主张采取综合判断观点,具体综合考察主客观情况,尤其增加考虑债务人行为目的或动机正当与否,行为的手段方法是否妥当等因素,予以判断其诈害性。最后,在证明责任上,债权人作为撤销权人须证明撤销权之构成要件成立。

It is the purpose of Article 538 of The Civil Code to regulate debtors’manipulation of their liable property,to avoid the realization of creditors’claims from being affected by debtors’improper manipulation of their liable property.The composition of the creditors’right of rescission should be analyzed from both a creditor’s and debtor’s perspectives,respectively.From a creditor’s perspective,he or she shall have a claim against a debtor,which shall be limited to a pecuniary debt or a claim convertible into a pecuniary debt,and a creditor’s claim shall be established before the fraudulent activity occurs.From a debtor’s perspective,his or her own conduct should be gratuitous,and the judgment of gratuitous conduct should be substantive.It is specifically necessary to examine the value of the property given by a debtor to a third party(recipient),and see whether there is a discrepancy between the payment and the recipient’s treatment going beyond the market,and this should not be based on a debtor’s unilateral assumptions about the possible economic value.In addition,concerning specific types of gratuitous acts,this article makes clear such acts as debtors’abandonment of claims,transference of property without compensation,abandonment of security for claims,and malicious extension of the period when performance of claims must be due,and adds the following description:disposal of property interests without compensation."In addition,the most crucial part that constitutes a creditor’s right of revocation is how to decide the impact of gratuitous acts on the realization of claims,and whether a debtor is manipulating the responsible property to prevent a creditor from realizing his or her claims.This paper is for the adoption of a comprehensive judgment,specific and yet comprehensive examination of the subjective and objective circumstances,as well as a new consideration of whether a debtor’s purpose or motive of an act is justified,whether the means and methods of the activities are appropriate and other factors in the judgment of the harm a fraudulent act may bring about.Finally,a creditor,who has the right of rescission,must have a duty to prove that the constituent elements of the right of rescission.