基于风洞试验的竞走项目编队气动减阻效应

Aerodynamic Drag Reduction Effect of Drafting Formation in Race Walking Based on Wind Tunnel Tests

目的探讨不同编队位置对核心运动员气动阻力的影响以及与单人竞走情况相比的气动减阻效果,并量化评估不同编队策略对竞走成绩的影响。方法选取由不同国家队竞走运动员人数组成的编队模拟不同竞走场景,通过风洞试验获取不同编队位置核心运动员的气动阻力。风洞试验内容包括核心运动员单人测试、双人编队测试、3人编队测试、4人编队测试。结果与单人竞走情况相比,双人编队中核心运动员位于辅助运动员的正后方时气动阻力减小最为明显,减阻率可达64.9%,此编队站位为相对最佳双人编队;3人编队中核心运动员位于其他2名辅助运动员沿着运动方向连线的中间时气动阻力减小最为明显,减阻率可达79.9%,此编队站位为相对最佳3人编队;4人编队中核心运动员位于其他3名辅助运动员组成的V型编队的正后方时气动阻力减小最为明显,减阻率可达83.8%,此编队站位为相对最佳4人编队。在50 km竞走比赛中,与单人竞走成绩相比,若采用相对最佳双人编队策略,比赛成绩将至少提升约3.89%;若采用相对最佳3人编队策略,比赛成绩将至少提升约4.79%;若采用相对最佳4人编队策略,比赛成绩将至少提升约5.03%。结论不同编队位置下竞走项目核心运动员的气动减阻效应存在一定差异,研究不同编队的气动减阻效应能为减小核心运动员气动阻力、优化能量分配、改进团队协作策略、提高运动成绩提供重要的科学指导。

Objectives To determine the influences of different drafting formations on the core athlete's aerodynamic drag as well as the drag reduction effects compared to individual race walking conditions,and to quantify the effects of different drafting formation strategies on race walking performance.Methods Drafting formations composed of different elite race walkers were used to simulate different race walking scenarios,and the core athlete's aerodynamic drag in different formations positions was obtained by wind tunnel tests,including individual,two-athlete,three-athlete and four-athlete drafting formation tests,respectively.Results Compared to individual race walking situations,when the core athlete was located directly behind the auxiliary athlete,his aerodynamic drag reduced most obviously with the reduction rate of 64.9%,which could be the optimal two-athlete drafting formation.When the core athlete was located in the middle part of the line while the other two auxiliary athletes moved along,his aerodynamic drag reduced most obviously with the reduction rate of 79.9%,the position of which is relatively optimal;While when the core athlete was located directly at the rear of the Type V formation of three other auxiliary athletes,his aerodynamic drag reduced most obviously with the reduction rate of 83.8%as the optimal four-athlete drafting formation.In the 50 km race walking,compared to the individual race walking,the two-athlete's result would be improved approximately by at least 3.89%with the optimal drafting formation strategy;similarly,the result for three-athlete drafting formation would be improved by 4.79%,and the result for four-athlete,5.03%.Conclusions There exist differences of aerodynamic drag reduction effects for race walking core athletes in different drafting formation positions.Related research can provide important scientific guidance for reducing aerodynamic drag for core athletes,optimizing energy distribution,improving teamwork strategies and athletic performance.