氏族门阀政治与清代满汉关系——以《满洲认同“法典”与部族双重构建》的学术贡献为中心

The Clan Politics and Manchu-Han Relationship in the Qing Dynasty——Focusing on the Academic Contribution of the Construction of a Dual System of Manchuria Identity Code and Tribe

有清一代制度文物,大多延续明朝,又结合清朝实际情况多有损益,所谓参汉酌金。其中"满汉分治"为其官僚制度和社会等级中最显著的特色。近百年来中外学界对清朝的满汉关系问题论述甚丰,但在制度文化的本质特征等重要方面尚未达成共识。徐凯教授《满洲认同"法典"与部族双重构建——十六世纪以来满洲民族的历史嬗变》一书,从满洲共同体的成员构成、满洲氏族的构建与功能、氏族门阀的形成与其政治地位、清代祖宗之法的内容等方面,对以八旗制度为中心的满洲制度作了深入本质的揭示。学界得以借助中古氏族门阀政治的角度重新认识"但问旗民、不分满汉"的清代满汉关系并对清代政治文化有一全新理解。所谓"满汉分治",并非满族与汉族之间的分野,而是以包括汉族、蒙古等民族在内的军功贵族集团与平民社会的区别。从民族关系来解读满汉关系,根本偏离了历史事实,带有现代政治意识形态偏见的色彩。

Most of the institutions of the Qing Dynasty were inherited from the Ming Dynasty,though they were expanded or reduced according to the actual conditions of the Qing Dynasty,which was called "learning from Han while staying grounded on Manchu".The "division of Manchu and Han" is the most prominent feature of its bureaucratic system and social hierarchy.In the last century,scholars at home and abroad have discussed the relationship between Manchu and Han in the Qing Dynasty,but there is no consensus on the essential characteristics of institutional culture and other important aspects.Professor Xu Kai’s book Construction of a Dual System of Manchuria Identity Code and Tribe—The historical evolution of Manchu since the 16th century reveals the essential characteristics of the Manchu system with a focus on the Eight Banners sub-system from the aspects of the composition of Manchu community members,the construction and function of Manchu clans,the formation and political status of the clans,and the content of the ancestral law of the Qing Dynasty.The academic circles can re-understand the Manchu-Han relationship in the Qing Dynasty that "disregards one’s ethnicity as long as he belongs to the Eight Banners group" from the angle of ancient scholar and clan politics,so as to have a new understanding of the political culture of the Qing Dynasty.The so-called "division of Manchu and Han" is not the division between the Manchu and Han people,but the difference between the military noble groups including Han,Mongolia and other ethnic groups on one hand and civilian society on the other.The interpretation of Manchu-Han relationship from the perspective of ethnic relations fundamentally deviates from historical facts with a modern political and ideological prejudice.