文学理论的三种话语形态与建构路径

The Three Forms of Discourse in Literary Theory and the Paths of Their Construction

中国当代文学理论话语体系建设有许多需要从元理论层面加以反思和澄明的问题,话语形态及其建构路径即为其中之一。文学理论研究存在如何处理文学和理论的关系,从而如何生成文学理论话语的问题。撇开意识形态属性不论,只从符号和表述的形式层面即知识形态上看,可以将文学理论话语的建构分为三种类型:一是对文学现象和文学作品存在外观和样态的经验性文学理论研究,二是有关文学的性质和功能等基本文学观念的建构性文学理论研究,三是基于其他学科的理论而对文学的泛化形态的理论研究。与此相应,文学理论话语形态的建构便有三种路径:第一种是从先行存在的具体性文学现象到概括性文学知识的形成;第二种是从抽象的文学理论观念到具体性的文学实践;第三种是从其他领域的抽象理论向文学研究领域的延伸,理论是外在的,文学只是例证。三种话语形态及其建构路径虽然互有不同,但各有其价值,要以辩证的态度加以看待。

Regardless of ideology,the construction of the discourse of literary theory can be divided into three types:the first is an empirical literary theory of the appearance and pattern of literary phenomena and literary works;the second is the study of constructive literary theory concerning basic literary concepts such as the nature and function of literature;the third is the theoretical study of the generalized forms of literature based on theories from other disciplines.Accordingly,there are three paths to the construction of the discourse of literary theory:the first is the formation of generalized literary knowledge from existing concrete literary phenomenon;the second is the move from an abstract theoretical conception of literature to a concrete literary practice;the third is the extension of abstract theory from other fields into the field of literary studies.