近代汉语后置词“呵”的功能、来源及发展

The function,origin and development of the postposition“He”(呵)in Modern Chinese

近代汉语后置词“呵”兴盛于元代,主要用于表示不同动作行为之间的某种条件关系和时间关系。明代以后“呵”在共同语文献中迅速消失,但却大量存在于明末清初以来的山东中西部方言中,成为一个使用区域非常狭窄的方言成分。尽管山东中西部方言的“可”与近代汉语的“呵”在用法上并不完全一致,但其间的源流关系却十分明显,可以说山东中西部方言的后置词“可”是对近代汉语后置词“呵”的继承和发展。大量元代直译体文献材料证明,近代汉语的后置词“呵”与蒙古语中的假定式副动词附加形式在功能和语音形式上都有密切关系,而它的兴起、衰退的快速跳跃式变化轨迹又恰与汉民族跟北方蒙古等少数民族间交往的兴衰历史相吻合,因此近代汉语的后置词“呵”应是汉语在发展过程中受到北方少数民族语言尤其是蒙古语影响,由蒙汉语言接触而形成的带有蒙古语语法特征的语言表达形式。

Flourished in the Yuan Dynasty,the postposition“he”(呵)in modern Chinese and is mainly used to express certain conditional and time relations between different actions.After the Ming Dynasty,“he”(呵)quickly disappeared in the common language literature,but it existed in a large number of dialects in central and western Shandong since the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty,and became a dialect component with a very narrow usage area.Although the usage of“ke”(可)in central and western Shandong dialect is not completely consistent with that of“he”(呵)in modern Chinese,the relationship between their origin and development is very obvious.It can be said that the postposition“ke”(可)in central and western Shandong dialect is the inheritance and development of the postposition“he”(呵)in modern Chinese.A large number of literal translation literature materials in the Yuan Dynasty prove that the postposition“he”(呵)in modern Chinese is closely related to the additional forms of hypothetical auxiliary verbs in Mongolian in terms of function and phonetic form,and its rapid jumping track of rise and decline coincides with the rise and fall history of the communication between the Han ethnic group and the northern Mongolian and other ethnic minorities.Therefore,the postposition“he”(呵)in modern Chinese should be influenced by the northern minority languages,especially Mongolian.It is a language expression form with Mongolian grammatical characteristics formed by the contact between Mongolian and Chinese languages.