债法总则的阙如与债法理论的补白

The Absence of General Provisions of Debt Law and the Complement of Debt Law Theory

学界对《民法典》债法总则的废除存在较大争议。对于整个《民法典》而言,债法总则不仅具有确保制度完整的功效,且能促进私法自治原则的实施。但也有人认为,债法总则也就是债法一般规定,对于整个的债法缺乏决定性指导价值,在合同之外债法一般规定适用空间很窄。历史上,罗马法学家根据对生活的观察,将债的起因分为合同、违法行为和其他法律原因。罗马法中债的概念对多国民法典的编纂有深远影响。我国《民法典》的合同部分行使了债法总则的功用,这种制度设置有一定优点,亦有不足的地方。这会使契约之债跟侵权之债之间出现一定脱节,而如果忽视这两种债之间共同的规则,则对于民法体系完整性会产生很大的影响。《民法典》注重“提取公因式”的立法技术,却没有建立独立的债法编,债法总则规范散见于各编之中。《民法典》中缺少债法总则,民法学当有债法总论,以债法理论弥补债法总则的阙如。

There is a great controversy on the abolition of the general provisions of the debt law in the civil code.For the whole civil code,the general provisions of debt law not only has the effect of system integrity,but also can promote the practice of the principle of autonomy of private law.However,some people think that the general provisions of the debt law have no decisive guiding significance for the whole debt law,and that the general provisions of the debt law have little space for application outside the contract.In history,Roman jurists divided the causes of debt into contract,illegal act and other legal reasons according to their observation of life.The concept of debt in Roman law has far-reaching influence on the compilation of many civil codes.The contract part of civil code exerts the function of general principles of debt law.There are some advantages and disadvantages in this system.This will lead to a certain disjunction between contractual debt and tort debt,while ignoring the common rules between the two kinds of debt,which will have a certain impact on the integrity of the legal system.The civil code pays attention to the legislative technology of“extracting common cause”,but does not establish an independent debt law.In China’s civil code,we can see many scattered general provisions of the debt law.The civil code lacks the general provisions of debt law.There should be a general theory of debt law in civil law to make up for the lack of general provisions of debt law with the theory of debt law.