辩证法的知性内在化演进:从康德到马克思

Evolving Dialectical Internalization of the“Understanding”(Verstand):From Immanuel Kant to Karl Marx

辩证法可以被理解为一种理论思维方式的演进,从知性维度的视角审视德国近代辩证法史,不难发现,从康德到马克思辩证法的发展过程,实际上就是辩证法知性内在化的复归过程。具体而言,康德先验论的对象性思维方式超越了以往主客二分的思维方式,通过对这种思维方式的特点解析,实现了直观概念化和概念直观化的抽象统一,同时也揭示了其知性环节外在化的倾向。黑格尔辩证性整体思维方式最大的特点就是概念辩证法中知性环节的内在化于整个辩证逻辑框架之中,实现了对康德对象性思维方式的超越,将主体内化于实体之中。马克思的实践思维方式对黑格尔整体思维方式的批判性合理继承,在政治经济学领域内对辩证方法创造性地加以知性内在化呈现,实现彻底地知性内在化回归。

Dialectics can be understood as the evolution of a theoretical way of thinking.Looking at the history of modern German dialectics from the perspective of intellectual dimension,it is not difficult to find that the development process from Kant to Marx’s dialectics is actually the reversion process of dialectics'intellectual internalization.Specifically,the objective thinking mode of Kant's Transcendentalism transcends the previous thinking mode of dichotomy between subject and object.By analyzing the characteristics of this thinking mode,it realizes the abstract identity of intuitive conceptualization and conceptual intuition,and at the same time reveals the tendency of externalization of its intellectual link.The biggest characteristic of Hegel’s dialectical holistic thinking mode is that the intellectual link in conceptual dialectics is internalized in the whole dialectical logic framework,which transcends Kant’s objective thinking mode and internalizes the subject into the entity.Marx’s practical thinking mode critically and reasonably inherits Hegel's overall thinking mode,presents dialectical method creatively in the field of political economy,and realizes a thorough return of intellectual internalization.