摘要
国家科学系统已融入全球科学系统,各国尽其所能利用全球知识以满足国家经济需求,然而只有科学家才能获取和利用丰富的全球知识。因此,国家的研究能力依赖于个体科学家的研究能力,他们进行国际合作和利用全球网络科学的能力是关键。全球科学之不断发展、自下而上、自治、自我监管和以自我为中心的本质需要更深层次的理解,了解其动态的最好方法为探讨是什么推动了学术科学家的工作。笔者对全球科学作为一个主要由私人管理和规范性自我调节的机构与全球科学作为全球集体公共产品的贡献者之间的对比特别感兴趣,科学由国家驱动而非好奇心驱动的观点是难以成立的。在实证方面,本文使用2000—2020年的发表、合作和引文数据来描述科学的全球化。科学的全球化意味着两种不同系统类型中的两种不同过程:科学增长在西方世界几乎完全归因于国际合著的发表,在发展中国家则是由国际合著和国内发表推动的。全球科学网络为新来者(国家、院校和研究团队)带来难以置信的机会。全球系统嵌入科学家自己制定的规则中,并作为一个自组织系统进行维护,民族国家在其科学政策中还有另一个主要的全球层面需要考虑。科学全球化为嵌入国家科学结构和参与全球网络的科学家提供了更多的代理权、自主权、合作性和自我监管。
National science systems have become embedded in global science and countries do everything they can to harness global knowledge to national economic needs.However,accessing and using the riches of global knowledge can occur only through scientists.Consequently,the research power of nations relies on the research power of individual scientists.Their capacity to collaborate internationally and to tap into the global networked science is key.The constantly evolving,bottom-up,autonomous,self-regulating,and selffocused nature of global science requires deeper understanding;and the best way to understand its dynamics is to understand what drives academic scientists in their work.We are particularly interested in the contrast between global science as a largely privately governed and normatively self-regulating institution and global science as a contributor to global collective public goods.The idea that science remains a state-driven rather than curiosity-driven is difficult to sustain.In empirical terms,we describe the globalization of science using selected publication,collaboration,and citation data from 2000—2020.The globalization of science implies two different processes in two different system types:the growth of science in the Western world is almost entirely attributable to internationally co-authored publications;its growth in the developing world,in contrast,is driven by both internationally co-authored and domestic publications.Global network science opens incredible opportunities to new arrivals—countries as well as institutions and research teams.The global system is embedded in the rules created by scientists themselves and maintained as a self-organizing system and nation-states have another major level to consider in their science policies:the global level.Globalization of science provides more agency,autonomy,collegiality,and self-regulation to scientists embedded in national science structures and involved in global networks.
作者
马瑞克·科维克
周一(译)
李春萍(校)
Marek Kwiek(University of Poznan;Institute for Advanced Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities)
出处
《北京大学教育评论》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第1期2-35,188,共35页
Peking University Education Review
基金
科学和高等教育部的支持(Dialogue grant 0022/DLG/2019/10[RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES])。