农村集体经济组织法制定中的三个基本范畴问题

Three Basic Categories in the Legislation of Rural Collective Economic Organizations

我国《民法典》赋予农村集体经济组织以特别法人的民事主体地位,正在拟定的农村集体经济组织法应以《民法典》的基本原则、基本精神、基本制度为基本遵循。在我国《民法典》上,“农村集体经济组织”是一个类型名称、属性名称,此名称不宜直接作为该类特别法人的组织名称。农村集体经济组织法人名称中包含“合作社”“股份”字样,并不会导致其与农民专业合作社和股份公司相混淆。“集体”具有主体性,“农民集体”是一类重要的团体性法律人格,应认可其拟制法人地位。由农民集体所有制的“小公有制”属性决定,农民集体与国家虽同为公有制实现的主体形式,但农民集体有其独有的主体特性。农村集体资产的归属主体是农民集体而非农村集体经济组织。农村集体经济组织无自己的独立财产和责任财产,故不具有破产能力。由农村集体经济组织的“无资性”所决定,“农村集体经济组织成员”概念不成立,立法上应使用“集体成员”的概念。农村集体经济组织与农民专业合作社都具有合作社的组织形式,但二者形同质异。农村集体经济组织是我国独有的公有制合作社,只具有“半个合作社”的属性。

The Civil Code of China endows rural collective economic organizations with the civil subject status of special legal persons.The rural collective economic organization law being drafted should be basically followed by the basic principles,basic spirit and basic system of the Civil Code of China.In the Civil Code of China,"rural collective economic organization"is a type and attribute name,which should not be directly used as the organization name of this kind of special legal person.The words"cooperatives"and"shares"in the legal person name of rural collective economic organizations will not lead to confusion with farmers′professional cooperatives and joint-stock companies."Collective"has subjectivity,and"peasant collective"is an important group legal personality,which should be recognized as a fictitious legal person.Determined by the attribute of"small public ownership"of farmers′collective ownership,although farmers′collective and the state are the main form of public ownership,farmers′collective has its unique main characteristics.The ownership subject of rural collective assets is farmers′collective rather than rural collective economic organizations.Rural collective economic organizations do not have their own independent property and liability property,so they do not have the ability to go bankrupt.Determined by the"non capital"of rural collective economic organizations,the concept of"members of rural collective economic organizations"is not tenable,and the concept of"collective members"should be used in legislation.Both rural collective economic organizations and farmers′professional cooperatives have the organizational form of cooperatives,but they have the same form and different quality.Rural collective economic organizations are China′s unique public ownership cooperatives,which only have the attribute of"half cooperatives".