马克思早期对黑格尔劳动观的批判与超越

Marx’s Early Critique and Transcendence of Hegel’s View of Labor

在马克思劳动理论发展完善的过程中,1844年对黑格尔劳动观的评价和重构具有重要价值。马克思在肯定黑格尔的劳动观并把握到了人的本质的同时,也批判黑格尔所谓的劳动是“抽象的精神的劳动”。在他多次对劳动问题的论述中,黑格尔不仅论及物质劳动,而且还大量描述了现代社会劳动所存在的诸多问题,这是导致国内外学界对马克思的评价多有争议的主要原因。科学分析马克思对黑格尔劳动观的评价,有必要回到1844年马克思思想出场时的语境。马克思当时一方面延续青年黑格尔派以人来置换黑格尔绝对精神的总体思路,同时又立足于人的感性现实,将黑格尔的精神和自我意识等同于抽象的思维。通过对黑格尔劳动观观念论特征的批判,以及对现实劳动者作为创造者地位的强调,马克思初步实现了辩证法由观念向现实的转变,恢复了辩证法所具有的现实批判性和革命性力量,为现实的共产主义运动奠定了方法论基础。

In the process of the development and perfection of Marx’s labor theory,his evaluation and reconstruction of Hegel's view of labor in 1844 is of great value.Marx not only affirms that Hegel’s view of labor grasps the essence of human beings,but also criticizes his definition of labor as“abstract-spiritual labor”.Hegel not only talks about material labor,but also describes a lot of problems existing in modern social labor,which is the main reason for the controversial evaluation of Marx in the academic circle at home and abroad.It is necessary to return to the context in which Marx’s thought appeared in 1844 if his evaluation of Hegel’s view of labor is analyzed scientifically.On the one hand,Marx continues the young Hegelians’general idea of replacing Hegel’s absolute spirit with man,while on the other hand,on the basis of the perceptual reality of man,he equates Hegel’s spirit and self-consciousness with abstract thinking.Marx initially realizes the transformation of dialectics from idea to reality,restores the realistically critical and revolutionary power of dialectics,and lays a methodological foundation for the practical communist movement by criticizing the idealist characteristics of Hegel’s view of labor and emphasizing the status of real laborers as creators.