国家资助引导下的德国城市更新

State-led Urban Regeneration Through Funding Program in Germany

文章探讨了德国通过设立国家资助来推动城市更新的具体做法及其启示。尽管德国的政治体制是联邦制,主要事务由各州自行决定,但是在城市更新领域,联邦政府通过近50年的国家资助项目,在全国范围的城市更新实践中起到了主导作用。城市更新成功维护了城市的良好景观,为住区更新和建筑改造提供了系统的资金支持,被认为是促进城市可持续发展的重要手段。在财政上,城市更新计划采用三级政府(联邦、州、地方)共同出资的模式,通常每级政府筹集三分之一的资金。地方政府确定存在城市问题并需要改造的地段,申请将其纳入年度更新资助计划。各州根据规定的标准选择资助地段,具体更新措施包括物质空间改造升级和社会治理措施等。成功的城市更新计划包括三个方面:首先,各级政府之间的密切合作为资助计划提供了强有力的制度支撑;第二,长期稳定的国家资金是改善老旧城区的关键因素,因其刺激了私人投资来进行单体改造;第三,联邦政府扮演着超越地方权力的重要角色,负责组织全国范围的城市更新实践。

This paper discusses the practice and enlightenment of Germany to promote urban regeneration through the establishment of national funding program.Although politically Germany is a federal country leaving major affairs to be decided upon by each state,in the field of urban regeneration the federal state has played a leading role in defining and launching nation-wide urban regeneration programs in the last five decades.Based on the cooperation among three tiers of government(the federal,state and the city levels),state-led urban regeneration has successfully maintained the urban landscape in a good condition.The program is feathered with systematic funding for buildings and quarters in need of renovation.Financially,the program is based on a co-funding model of the three levels of the state,normally collecting one third of the funding for a regeneration area from each level.Local authorities apply to be included in the programs by demonstrating that a potential regeneration area has urban problems.The states select their funding areas according to defined criteria.The aim of the urban redevelopment grants is to overcome urban problems over a time period of normally 10~15 years,implementing a series of public measures and often directly supporting individual upgrading activities by private land owners and developers,thus leveraging private funds.The grants support physical upgrading and,to a certain extent,also social measures.The paper reveals that the successful urban regeneration scheme involves three aspects.First,a close cooperation between different levels of the states has provided strong institutional support of the funding program.Second,long-term and stable state funding is the key element to improve dilapidated urban quarters as it has motivated the private investment for physical upgrading.Third,the federal government plays an important role of super-local power to organize the nation-wide urban regeneration practice.