进城农民工社会资本对自雇选择的影响机制

The Mechanism of Migrant Worker’s Social Capital on Self-employment Choice

在面临信息、知识及实物等多重约束下,进城农民工通过社会资本以更低成本获得支持是保障自雇成功的重要途径。在经典社会资本三维度基础上,结合进城农民工典型的“二元特征”,将“人情关系”纳入社会资本范畴,探索中国情境下农民工社会资本影响自雇选择及自雇行为影响社会资本的机制。主要结论有:农民工社会资本可划分为结构维度、关系维度、认知维度及“人情关系”维度;结构维度、关系维度均正向显著影响农民工自雇选择,且关系维度影响更大;认知维度区分为基于社会整体价值信念的社会认知和基于亲属价值信念的家庭认知,其中社会认知负向影响自雇选择,但家庭认知可能有效抵消社会认知影响,从而促进个体选择自雇。基于“常来常往、互惠互利”和“面子”的“人情关系”能作为自雇的重要资源供给、保障及优化机制,能显著提升农民工自雇选择的可能性。从自雇与社会资本形成的关系可以发现,进城农民工主要是利用进城前的乡缘、血缘等社会资本在城市开展自雇,而难以通过自雇行为在城市建立更丰富的社会资本以提升自雇。

Faced with multiple constraints of information,knowledge and material wealth,obtaining support at lower cost through social capital is an important way to ensure the success of self-employment for migrant workers in cities.Based on the classic three dimensions of social capital,combined with the typical“dual characteristics”of migrant workers in cities,“connections”are brought into the category of social capital,and the mechanism that social capital of migrant workers affects self-employment choice and self-employment behavior affects social capital is explored in China.The main conclusions are as follows.The social capital of migrant workers can be divided into structural dimension,relational dimension,cognitive dimension and“connections”dimension.Both the structure dimension and the relationship dimension have a positive and significant on influence the self-employment choice of migrant workers,with greater influence of the relationship dimension.The cognitive dimension is divided into social cognition based on the overall social value belief as well as family cognition built on the value and belief of relatives,in which social cognition negatively affects self-employment choices,but family cognition may effectively offset the influence of social cognition,thus helping individuals to choose self-employment.The“connections”based on“long-term reciprocity”and“self respect”can be used as an important resource supply,guarantee and optimization mechanism for self-employment,which can significantly enhance the possibility of self-employment choice of migrant workers.From the relationship between self-employment and social capital formation,it can be found that migrant workers in cities mainly use social capital such as their connections and ties of blood in their villages before entering cities to adopt self-employment in cities,but it is difficult to establish richer social capital in urban areas to promote self-employment through self-employment behavior.